“Motivation: Main Key of Public Service?”

Since their first day on earth humans have been running after happiness in form of one or the other, though happiness   is something that eludes anyone who chases it, and instead, evolves out of one's actions. Such characteristic of happiness was once nicely described by Allen K. Chalmers's words – â€Å"The grand essentials of happiness are, something to do, someone to love and something to hope for.† A package of actions like that actually   brought forth the idea of motivation – the charger of mind that would keep one inspired to fulfill one's mission. To make things better, the wise humans have even created many sets of do-s and don'ts to maintain a consistent streak of motivation. Those sets have tremendous utility value to maintain balance and consistency in decision-making and action-taking. Over the years, social scientists have improvised   those sets and subset of ideas to further establish the cohesion of thought and action, the ideal approach for any individual or an institution to achieve any undertaken mission. Thus this paper focuses on some of the essential elements of organized behavior like Motivation, Goal Setting and Reward System, before coming to its own conclusion and indicating about its future implication in the field of child protective service. What is Motivation? a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior; c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. (Huitt, 2001). Motivation is a psychological phenomenon that propels humans or any other organism to act – be it for survival, or to develop, in this regard, even inaction can also be counted as the product of motivation – especially when humans engage themselves in deep thinking or meditation. Motivation is that persuasive force which the living beings cannot do without. According to modern management guru Shiv Khera (p. 112), motivation is â€Å"a drive that encourages action or feeling. Motivation can also mean igniting the spark for action. It is powerful. It can persuade, convince and propel you into action. In other words, motivation can be defined as motive for action. It is a force that can literally change your life† (Khera, 2004). The definition above might generate a few questions – if motivation is something like an automated process; why then people need to be motivated?   or, if motivation process is already active, then what is the logic behind attempting to activate it further? While it is right that motivation guides every action, yet the degree of its intensity determines the level of achievement. One easy example of that is the difference between humans and animals – while the animals' achievements are limited in leading only a fuller life, humans lead a multi-dimensional life that is packed with uncountable actions in addition to the actions for living. Thus motivation converts itself to a primitive urge to survive when it deals with basics like existence, and it works like the guiding light on aesthetics, emotional or esoteric plane of existence. According to Paul Hanna, every individual has many kind of goals spread out at various levels of his/her existence, and to achieve each of those goals s/he needs to utilize the power of mind and the force of body. In such circumstance motivation could be the only catalyst to synchronize the body and mind of that individual. Here the synchronization of body and mind covers more than the plain eye meets – where motivation enables one to heighten the intensity of emotion and passion to achieve the goal, besides helping to create clear mental pictures of the goal and the roadmap to reach there (Hanna, 2001). Now if one considers about how many instances of such goals a human has to achieve in a single day, the importance of motivation would come clear to one. Humans' world of desires is far more spread than any other creatures of earth, and therefore they need an uninterrupted supply of motivation to accomplish their missions. And what is a desire, anyway? Desire is a some kind of dream which people want to unearth through action. For that much needed action, humans need an intense urge to bring it to perfection. Motivation provides that intense urge with its persuasive force, as for example, auto-suggestion.   â€Å"In the forming of that intense urge,† Shiv Khera says, â€Å"auto-suggestion is a statement made in the present tense, of the kind of person you want to be (Khera, 2004). Motivation thus, an element which conditions a humans to achieve their cherished goals. Reason for Choosing this Topic In this era of fierce competition in every sphere of life humans need to remain motivated to perform their tasks smoothly, to block the stress and to create space for thinking about future development. This more applicable when it comes to public service or on behalf any non-profit organization, where motivation could be the only guiding force to inspire one to stick to social cause and not to opt for other services for personal gain. Therefore this topic has been chosen to spread more awareness regarding the potential of motivation and it's impact on humans. How Motivation Works Motivation creates a power-packed belief about achieving success and creates a make-believe condition where the possibility of the success seems as a reality. There are many ways to motivate the self, but the easiest way to be motivated is to repeat the belief time and again, just like hammering the idea again and again to get it registered in the subconscious mind. The reason behind such act is that, subconscious mind is considered to be a skeptic taskmaster who simply works on and on with whatever assigned to it! It is for this reason Dr. Joseph Murphy, writes in his book, ‘The Power of Your Subconscious Mind' (65), â€Å"Belief is a thought in your mind that causes the power of your subconscious to be distributed into all phases of your life.† While it is true that practice of self-motivation could be a tough task for someone initially, as it might take time to generate a belief in the abilities of the subconscious mind. Yet, the enormous potential of subconscious mind is now widely accepted and one can easily check that with the wise sayings or from the success stories of many. If motivation is something like a train raring to move out from the platform, what could be the shortest possible roadmap between the starting point and the destination? With this question one discovers the importance of   ‘Goal- Setting' a vital task for a person utilize the power of motivation. However motivated one becomes, in the absence of a roadmap, that power will be a sheer waste – as the old adage goes – an aimless life is like a rudderless ship in the sea without any fixed destination. Goal and Goal-setting Goal-setting enables one to march ahead with confidence and brings in joy and cheer through fulfilling a mission in the shortest possible time. Situations shape like that, because the process of goal-setting imbibes the sense of purpose in any action, and thereby justifies it wholeheartedly. Human life has many sets of goals bundled within one big goal like happiness or contentment – thus it can easily be understood that if one wants to achieve the main goal, one has to obtain the goals within it. But is it possible to achieve every goal of life? Certainly not. If it is so, then are the humans destined to miss the happiness? Certainly not, because it is the attitude towards accomplishing the goal that brings in satisfaction, which counts more on the devotion of one's inner beings rather than the external conditions, which might not always be conducive to achieve the goal. To clear the confusion in this regard, the sages have provided a solution, where they created a sub set of goals within the main goal of happiness, which usually covers the six areas of human life. And they are: 1. Family : To achieve harmony and prosperity. 2. Finance : To achieve source of sustenance and development and freedom of movement. 3. Physical and mental health : To achieve healthy body and a sound mind. 4. Social responsibility : To achieve good understanding with the world around by mutual exchange of good vibes and necessities. 5. Spiritual standing : To achieve the understanding about the greater world and its association with self. There are many explanations available about these areas – however, all are varied or extended interpretation of one single idea – to be happy with one's endeavor in life. Thus, it is easily understood that goal-setting is that coveted road-map or the action-plan which not only helps to achieve the goals, but also adds purpose in the actions. In other words, goal-setting is a multifarious instrument which encompasses all individual as well as collective goals, all the while acting as a helper to determine the feasibility of a goal, as well as a provider of suggestion of an alternative plan (John, 2007). Reward System Reward system is something that is based on the effect of appreciation and recognition on the humans. It caters to the emotional need of humans, which in turn motivates them. In today's world, when every people are stretched with competition the need for emotional support is being felt more than ever. â€Å"Every behavior comes out of ‘pain and gain' principle†, says Shiv Khera (p110), while emphasizing on the fact that if the pain is greater than the gain, then that would be a deterrent to smooth action. If the gain is greater than the pain, that is a motivator. (Khera, pp110) There can be many types of gains, ranging from money, vacations or gifts to medallions, or even they can be intangible too – recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, accomplishment, and belief are the examples of such gains, which comes more from selfless public service. Reward system separates the elements of motivation into two categories, external and internal. In the first category it lists items like money, societal fame, approval, or fear, while in the second, it keeps factors like â€Å"pride, sense of achievement, responsibility and belief†. It values the fact that inner motivation is actually the inner gratification that might not always depends on the material success – it is an innate desire to feel content with an accomplishment, rather than just achieving a goal (Khera, 2004). This is very important issue in the sphere of public service. The elements like praise, love and faith can rise anytime as the most important element of motivation under a specific environment, they can be instrumental to boost one's self esteem, or to build a strong conviction to march ahead towards one's cherished goal. Inner motivation factors are bound to be more powerful than the outer ones. CONCLUSION From the above discussion it becomes clear that motivation, goal setting and reward system together form the way towards, the ultimate goal, and all three of them are entwined and can even be flexible in their order of appearance. Primary motivation (to succeed in life) helps to goal setting – which then can check and filter the mission before breaking them into easy steps. Next, reward system inspires a person towards accomplishing the mission. However, in all its form, motivation is extremely powerful and an invaluable tool to succeed in life. It persuades, convinces and propels one into action and therefore, it is an invaluable tool to motivate oneself and others in public service or in non-profit organizations. Application of Motivation in Chosen Mission Since I'm planning to work as child protective service worker in charge of four co-workers, I can utilize the power of motivation at every level of its functioning, where goal-setting can help us in formulating our schedules in three steps – long-term, mid-term and short-term, while reward system can take clue from the history of civilization that records innumerable selfless human endeavors to achieve happiness for the society. For the greater application of motivation we would use factors like pride, sense of achievement, responsibility and belief in oneself, besides practicing auto-suggestion technique and covering all areas of life that one has to deal in life. This way we would keep our spirit fresh to devote ourselves in public service. A Brief Overview of How Motivation can be Applied into My Workplace References Carnegie, D. (1999). â€Å"How to Stop Worrying and Start Living†. Dale Carnegie ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Associates Inc. Hanna, P. (2001). â€Å"Believe and Achieve†. Penguin Books, 2001. Huitt, W. (2001). â€Å"Motivation to learn: An Overview†. Educational Psychology    Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved 12 April 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/motivation/motivate.html Khera, S. (2004). â€Å"You Can Win†. Macmillan India, 2004 Murphy, J. (2001). â€Å"The Power of Your Subconscious Mind†. Bantam Books, January   Ã‚   2001 â€Å"Motivation†. Retrieved 10 April 2008.   http://www.d.umn.edu/kmc/student/loon/acad/strat/motivate.html â€Å"Motivation & Leadership†. (1997). Retrieved 10 April 2008. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadmot.html â€Å"Seven Rules of Motivation†. (2000). Retrieved 11 April 2008. http://www.motivation-tools.com/ elements/seven_rules.htm Information Technology and Management. â€Å"What is Motivation?† Retrieved 12 April 2008. http://opax.swin.edu.au/~388226/howto/it2/motiv1.htm John. (2007). â€Å"Increase Self Motivation†. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http://www.pickthebrain.com/blog/21-proven-motivation-tactics/ Webb, B. (2000). â€Å"Elements of Motivation. Motivational-Tool†. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http://www.motivation-tools.com/elements/ database. Weller, M. (2005). â€Å"General Principles of Motivation†. Retrieved 12 April 2008. http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/ motivate.htm ; ; ; ; ; ;

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Service Quality Management - Essay Example Doing things right all the time also involves making sure their service is fit for purpose, and that the service is what the customer is expecting. In an environment where customers are faced with increasing choice, getting this concept right is very important. Time is also a commodity for customers and therefore organisations need to ensure that their service delivery is fast and minimises the waiting period for customers, and this includes queue management. The ability to deliver on time and to the right specifications enhances an organisation's dependability advantage, as customers prefer consistency in their suppliers. Another important aspect of service delivery is the flexibility advantage, which goes hand in hand with choice. Most service organisations will offer variety and flexibility in a bid to stop their customer from going to one of their competitors. Another final important aspect of the service delivery process is the cost advantage which means costing its services appropriately and ensuring the cost reflects the quality of the service provided. This essay shall analyse service delivery at Top Shop which is a clothing retailer to illustrate the importance of this concept, and will proceed with a critical evaluation of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in relation to service delivery. Top Shop is one of the Uni... These fashions also come in a wide variety and have limited store availability times attached to them, which further increases the perceived value and quality of the clothing items. In a bid to diversify, Top Shop has launched its Top Shop To Go service in London which is a free personal shopping service that aims to bring requested styles, colours and sizes to a location of the customer's choice, be it the home, office or hotel room. This service also gives the shopper the opportunity to try on clothes, and receive guidance and advice from the style advisor in their own surroundings. This service is very similar to the Ann Summers and Virgin Vie parties, which brings groups of people together in one place, and the Top Shop representative can effectively market to this group. This setting also introduces new customers and is more likely to generate sales of the new customers, due to social pressure, especially if everyone else in the group has purchased an items or items. This is an extension and improvement to Top Shop's service delivery channels, which it views as necessary in order for it to stay ahead of its competitors. Top Shop is a fashion retailer based on the high street, with service delivery though the internet and its new service, Top Shop To Go. This means that the customers come to Top Shop, as they are in control the demand. Therefore locating in a central location, which is accessible such as the high street, will ensure that Top Shop makes itself visible to all potential customers. The internet is another channel for service delivery, however, this could never be the sole channel, as customers still prefer to try on clothes and shoes before

The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name Essay Example for Free

The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name Essay The Crucible there are many themes floating around. One of the most notable themes is the importance of a good name. To several of the characters the only matter of importance seems to be their name and what it seems to be associated with. Amongst this dialog we find that because the hysterical environment of Salem causes persecution of calumny became a common fear of a good, respectable name to be tarnished. Early in the play we are introduced with our first couple of victims due to the infamous fear. Our first encounter is with Abigail when Reverend Parris questions her about as to why Elizabeth Proctor had fired her Abigail responds â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar! † We can see here that she believes that Goody Proctor is trying to spoil her name due to the belief that she had been having an affair with John. As the play continues it is evident how she accuses other people of witchcraft so that her name is in the light and she is absolved from partaking in the witchcraft herself. Though it seems that Abigail’s only worry is her name, she is very dissembling. We later find out that her name seems to only be the light of her worries. Her main motive is to rid John of Elizabeth so that she can freely be with John. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, is naive to her hidden motives for false accusations. It isn’t much longer in the story when we find Abigail’s uncle, Reverend Parris is also sporting this same worry when we read a conversation between him and a trusted villager Thomas Putnam. Due to Betty, Parris’s Daughter who has fallen ill, and the village is suddenly buzzing with slander of witchcraft. In a conversation with Thomas Putnam it is apparent how this affects Parris. â€Å"Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you-least of all, Thomas, would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house. † This shows that Reverend Parris is almost more caught up in what people think of him rather than how daughter, Betty Parris, is doing or rather how the Doctor, who has found nothing to cure her, will solve her illness. Parris is now continuously accusing his least faithful parishioners with having a contract with the devil. One of which is John Proctor, the man Abigail is having an affair with. John Proctor is known as a rebel in this story. Though a good Christian he rarely makes it into Parris’ Sunday Masses because he is working in the field and he doesn’t want to hear of Parris’ weekly ranting of the devil and hell. It is because of this reputation his wife is among the accused of witchcraft. When he tries to defend her he reluctantly admits to lechery. John Proctor was very reluctant to admit this because he wanted his name to stay respected. When judge Danforth doesn’t believe him they ask his wife Elizabeth if this is true. Unknowing that he had confessed and trying to respect his wishes of keeping a good name she says that she doesn’t believe that he had ever had an affair with Abigail Parris. When Abigail turns on Marry Warren, Marry Warren turns on John Proctor calling him the Devil’s Man. This causes his arrest and accusation of Witchcraft. Proctor’s importance of a good name is most portrayed in the last act, Act V, when he is begged to save himself by signing a confession sheet. He finally refuses to sign it saying that â€Å"Because it is my Name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to Lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † John Proctor is the epitome of wanting to preserve his name. He willingly dies to preserve his name. In the story of The Crucible, Arthur Miller is able to illustrate the importance of a good name through many of the characters. We were easily able to convey this theme and build off of it. Since many of the characters’ main objective was too keep their name in good light we were able to better understand the reasons behind their actions, helping us receive a better understanding of the story.

Price Elasticity of Demand and Monopolistic Competition

Price Elasticity of Demand and Monopolistic Competition The Price Elasticity of demand is inversely related to excess capacity in the monopolistic competitive market – Discuss Before we even dwell and discuss on the abovementioned topic, it would vital for us to understand and define what Price Elasticity of Demand, Excess Capacity and Monopolistic Competitive Market are all about from the economic perspective. By understanding the aforementioned than only we would be able to discuss and deliberate the abovementioned topic in detail. Elasticity From the economics perspective based on journal and article in Wikipedia, elasticity can be defined as the measurement of how receptive or responsive an economic variable is, to a change of the other. For example: If we lower or reduce the price of our product, how much more will it be sold? If we raise or increase the price of one product, how will that affect sales of the other product? If we learn that a resource is becoming infrequent or limited, will people rush to acquire it? We can further elaborate that an elastic variable (or elasticity value greater than 1) is one which responds more than proportionately to changes in other variables. On the other hand, an inelastic variable (or elasticity value less than 1) is one which changes less than proportionately in response to changes in other variables. Elasticity can be measured as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a fundamental influence on the former. It is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of a variable, or of the function that determines it, to changes in contributory variables. Frequently used elasticities include price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand, elasticity of substitution between factors of production and elasticity of substitution. Elasticity is one of the most vital concepts in a traditional economic theory. It is valuable in understanding the rate of indirect taxation, marginal concepts as they relate to the company, and distribution of wealth and different types of goods as they relate to the theory of consumer choice. Elasticity is also crucially imperative in any discussion of welfare distribution, in particular consumer surplus, producer surplus, or government surplus. In a pragmatic work environment, an elasticity is the estimated coefficient in a linear regression equation where both the dependent variable and the independent variable are in natural logs. Elasticity is a common tool amongst observers because it is independent of units and thus simplifies data analysis. Price Elasticity of Demand On the other hand, according to Alfred Marshall, Price elasticity of demand (PED or Ed) is a measurement used in economics to illustrate the responsiveness or elasticity, of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. More accurately, it gives the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent change in price (ceteris paribus, i.e. holding constant all the other determinants of demand, such as income). Price elasticities are almost always negative, although analysts tend to ignore the sign even though this can lead to uncertainty. Only goods which do not conform to the law of demand, have a positive PED. Generally, the demand for a good is said to be inelastic (or relatively inelastic) when the PED is less than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively small effect on the quantity of the good demanded. The demand for a good is said to be elastic (or relatively elastic) when its PED is greater than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively large effect on the quantity of a good demanded. Revenue is maximized when price is determined so that the PED is exactly one. The PED of a good can also be used to predict the rate of a tax on that good. Various research approaches are used to determine price elasticity, including test markets, analysis of historical sales data and conjoint analysis. Nevertheless, according to Professor Dominick Salvatore in its book, Managerial Economics – Principle and Worldwide Application, mentioned that â€Å"Sometimes, lowering the price of the commodity or products increases sales sufficiently to increase total revenues. At other times, lowering the commodity or products prices reduces the firm’s total revenues†. Thus, lowering the price of a particular products will not necessarily increase the total profitability of a company. This is due to the fact that it also have an impact on the production cost. Therefore, we can also say that the higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive consumers are to price changes. A very high price elasticity indicates that when the price of a good increase, consumers will buy less of the items and when the price of that good falls, consumers will buy more. A very low price elasticity suggests the opposite, that changes in price have slight influence on demand. As such, it is imperative for a company to really understand the economics and the concept of PED before any decision is made for a price review or for a pricing strategy. Excess Capacity Meanwhile, Excess Capacity, based on our reading, as defined in Wikipedia is a situation in which actual production is less than what is achievable or optimal for a company. This often means that the demand in the market for the product is below what the firm could potentially supply to the market. The amount of excess capacity within an industry is a signal of both the performance of that industry and the demand for the products it produces. Excess capacity is also seen as a good thing for consumers, as it is not likely to lead to the price inflation that would be seen in periods of near-full capacity. A company with sizable excess capacity can often lose a considerable amount of money if it is not able to meet the high fixed costs that are associated with producers. In other words, it could also be the case that in the long run, the production is operating not at the lowest of its long run average cost curve. Instead, it is operating on a gauge that is smaller and less efficient which the company has, in fact, a capacity to produce more at a lower average cost. , each firm is serving a market that is too small, and there are too many firms, so that the product group as a whole has the capacity to serve more customers than there are. Excess capacity exists when marginal cost is less than average cost and it is still possible to decrease average (unit) cost by producing more goods and services. Excess capacity may be measured as the increase in the current level of output that is required to reduce unit costs of production to a minimum. Excess capacity may also arise because as demand increases, firms have to invest and expand capacity in uneven or inseparable portions. Company may also choose to maintain excess capacity as a part of a deliberate strategy to deter or prevent entry of new firms. Monopolistic Competitive Market Monopolistic competition from economic perspective is a category of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are different from one another as goods but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or price). In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its competitors as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other company. In the presence of strong government, monopolistic competition will fall into government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include restaurants, cereal, clothing, shoes, and service industries in large cities. The founding father of the theory of monopolistic competition is Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject, Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Joan Rob inson published a book The Economics of Imperfect Competition with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition. The characteristic of a monopolistic competitive markets are as follow: There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price. Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors products. There are few barriers to entry and exit. Producers have a degree of control over price. In the long-run characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are almost the same as a perfectly competitive market. Two differences between the two are that monopolistic competition produces diverse products and that monopolistic competition involves a great deal of non-price competition, which is based on subtle product differentiation. A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only break even in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero economic profit. This illustrates the amount of influence the firm has over the market; because of brand loyalty, it can raise its prices without losing all of its customers. This means that an individual firms demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a perfectly elastic demand schedule. Differences between Perfect and Monopolistic Competition To show that the PED is inversely related to excess capacity in the monopolistic competitive market, in this discussion, we will be comparing mostly between perfect competitive market and monopolistic competitive market which is also an imperfect market. There are two main differences between perfect competition and monopolistic competition. First is excess capacity; in perfect competition, firms usually will produce a product up to the maximum capacity of its production to get the lowest average total cost, ATC. Meanwhile in monopolistic competition, the firms will have an excess capacity if they produce less than the quantity at which average total cost is at minimum; which if they lower the price, they could sell more but they might producing at a point where their cost will exceed their revenue. The second differences are mark-up. In perfect competition, P=MC, but in monopolistic competition, P > MC because of its marked up. The marked up is because of the price discrimination which use by the firms in monopolistic market. Price and Output in Monopolistic Competition First of all, let us look at the factors affecting the PED. As we can see, in monopolistic competition market, there are high numbers of substitutes available for the products that produce by the firms. This is because each of the firms produce similar product but not identical. Because of this, the market has a greater PED. Any changes in price will make a possibility of consumer to change their demand for other substitute products. This is why, monopolistic market are also called price searcher market, as they are actually looking for the best price for their product. Since the firms produce similar product, they cannot fight their price using the ATC, where they cannot produce more than they can sell. They can only produce the quantity at which the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. Can we say that monopolistic competition is inefficient? Yes, because in monopolistic competition P > MC, marginal benefits is larger than marginal cost. In order to reach the highest possible profit, firms competing in three important area of product differentiation, which is the quality, price and marketing. The quality of the product is just not only about the reliability of the product, but also about the design and the services, more on the after sales services. Using this quality aspect, firms can do the price discrimination, which differentiated their product with other product. However there is a trade off between prices and quality. The lower the price, the lower the product quality can be. As to further increase the sales, firms have to do a good product packaging and advertising. Since consumer value a variety, and variety is a cost, it is reasonable for the firms to price discriminate other products. However in monopolistic market, since no barrier to entry and exit from the market, firms have to be careful not to gain high profit in the long run as it can attract new competitors into the market. Product Development and Marketing Since monopolistic firms need to maintain their economic profit, in the condition of high ATC, there are needs to keep and sustain a continuous product development. In the market where the competitors are always looking for new innovation, new technology and attractable product, they need to be in line with the up to date trend of consumers. New product development would allow a firm to gain a competitive advantage, even sometimes temporarily before competitors imitate the innovation. Looking at the scenario where competitors usually keep imitate the new innovation produce, it might cross our mind why firms need to be the innovation leaders since after that the competitors will had it imitate. The innovation cost are high compare to imitate cost, but the benefit as innovation leaders have a value to consumer and also would increases total revenue. Firms usually will pursue product development until their marginal revenue from innovation equals to the marginal cost of innovation. As a human, consumer have a natural willing feeling to pay higher for the products that have a high value to them, even sometimes the price is ridiculous. The marginal social benefit of an innovation is the increase of price to the product and also a marginal social cost to the firms for the cost of innovation. Basically, the profit is maximized when MR=MC, but in monopolistic competition P>MR. Because of that, amount of innovation is less than efficient. Compare to the perfect competition market, monopolistic market have a higher selling cost since they need to spend a lot on promoting the uniqueness of their product compare to other substitutes product. The increase in selling cost will increase ATC at any level of output, but would not affect the MC of production. If their effort in promotion and advertising increases the demand of the product, then they are considered success. This is the cost that the monopolistic firms have to pay, to reduce their excess capacity, by increasing the demand of the products. But advertising is not only use to promote the variety and the uniqueness of the product, but also sometimes use to remind the market of their high quality product. Conclusion From the comparison that we highlight between perfect competition market and monopolistic competitive market, we can see the relation between the increasing of selling cost, increase of demand and reduced in excess capacity. When the firm concentrate in having a continuous product development with greater advertising and promotion effort, they can increase the demand of the product which in turn inversely reduce the excess capacity of the firms.

Its Time for West Virginia to Eliminate Food Tax Essay -- Argumentati

It's Time for West Virginia to Eliminate Food Tax Can you recall an incident in American history involving disgruntled citizens dumping tea into the Boston Harbor? I can. This tea dumping was one of the foremost events of the revolution. Do you remember why these angry citizens dressed as Indians, stormed one of their own boats, and dumped all of the crates of tea into the harbor? The English monarchy’s taxing of the settlers’ tea caused this uprising. Right now, West Virginia’s government is levying an almost identical tax; the government is taxing the very food that West Virginians eat for survival. Doesn’t the government tax enough each year without taxing something that is required for our very sustenance? According to USA Today, "The government takes more money in other taxes each year than the average American spends on food, shelter, and clothing combined." (Armey, internet) At least the first Americans could choose whether or not they would drink tea. Currently, West Virginians do not have the cho ice whether or not to eat food. Why should we have to pay any more than the store charges us for the food? It is time for the legislature in West Virginia to reform West Virginia’s tax system and do away with the ridiculous tax on food. Initially, a West Virginia food tax doesn’t seem like such a bad idea, but after contemplating the principles, it becomes more and more unethical. Ethically, why should West Virginians pay tax on food when many other American citizens do not? Consequently, a West Virginia food tax is unethical in that it punishes the poor. Every year in West Virginia, poor children go hungry because their families can’t afford to put food on the table. I conducted an independent survey involving fifty anon... ... On Food Would Aid The Poor" St Louis Post Dispatch. 3-28-97 page 1 and 2 Bill Rankin. "Like most tax cuts, state’s elimination of food sales tax hinders real: reform". Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 6 October 1996. http://www.elibrary.com/ Sam Attlesey. "Democrats support sales tax amendment: Proposal would ban levy on food, medicine". The Dallas Morning News. 19 March 1998. www.elibrary.com Andrew Cain. "Help take a bite out of food tax". The Washington Times". 29 September 1998. Gene Callahan. "Bandersnatch Tax cut Proposal". http://www.bandersnatch.com/ Warren McGraw. "Elect Warren McGraw to the supreme court". Radio Commercial. 27 October 1998. Staton, Rick. Personal interview. 7 Nov. 1998. Cecil Underwood. "Governor’s Commission on Fair Taxation". www.state.wv.us/fairtax/agenda.htm Cadle, Pat. Personal interview. 8 Nov. 1998

Terrorism Essay: War on Terrorism - Round 1 :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

War on Terrorism: Round 1 The Bush Troika´s war on terrorism reached first base after installing a new government in Afghanistan. One of the poorest and most defenseless countries on earth has been bombed into rubble by a megalomaniac superpower that can see no limits to its rights of domination. The country that harbors more Southern American terrorists, executioners and dictators than anyone else in the world has shown us all what happens when others harbor wanted men! What has been achieved if we look beyond Bush's clichés, Pentagon's hype and Rumsfeld´s and Ashcroft´s rhetoric? Is the world any safer? Have the suspected evildoers been brought to justice? Has it been a "just war"? Are there less people who hate or dislike the western powers? The good news is: The Talibans are ousted. American oil companies will be able to build that pipeline and the new ruler Karzai have old ties with Unocal and supports the scheme as do others in the new interim(?) government!!! The bad news is: Between 40,000 and 60,000 innocent civilians, already oppressed by their government in Afghanistan have been killed according to independent studies. Millions more refugees have been created and the starvation has increased due to stopped relief deliveries before winter was setting in. The final death toll may rise to 3 million. The same government that was helped to power by CIA and Pakistan´s secret service in -96 now has been defeated and other known crooks, gangsters and opium sellers, responsible for the death of maybe 50,000 civilians when last in power, have again taken power, for some time or indefinitely remains to be seen. Large parts of the infrastructure in Afghanistan have been bombed into oblivion as have Red Cross buildings and important depots. Unexploded cluster bombs will cause carnage for generations. Some thousands of brainwashed Taliban soldiers, most of whom had no knowledge whatsoever of any terrorist actions outside Afghanistan, have been killed. A few hundred lower level commanders have been captured and will be questioned. The main "enemies" and raison d étre of the "war", the monster, evildoer, fanatic (etc), Bin Laden and his sidekick Mullah Omar, suspected (but not convicted) of atrocities and certainly no friends of capitalism, are not to be found even after levelling the topography of parts of the country and their whereabouts may be any place in the eastern parts of the world. Terrorism Essay: War on Terrorism - Round 1 :: September 11 Terrorism Essays War on Terrorism: Round 1 The Bush Troika´s war on terrorism reached first base after installing a new government in Afghanistan. One of the poorest and most defenseless countries on earth has been bombed into rubble by a megalomaniac superpower that can see no limits to its rights of domination. The country that harbors more Southern American terrorists, executioners and dictators than anyone else in the world has shown us all what happens when others harbor wanted men! What has been achieved if we look beyond Bush's clichés, Pentagon's hype and Rumsfeld´s and Ashcroft´s rhetoric? Is the world any safer? Have the suspected evildoers been brought to justice? Has it been a "just war"? Are there less people who hate or dislike the western powers? The good news is: The Talibans are ousted. American oil companies will be able to build that pipeline and the new ruler Karzai have old ties with Unocal and supports the scheme as do others in the new interim(?) government!!! The bad news is: Between 40,000 and 60,000 innocent civilians, already oppressed by their government in Afghanistan have been killed according to independent studies. Millions more refugees have been created and the starvation has increased due to stopped relief deliveries before winter was setting in. The final death toll may rise to 3 million. The same government that was helped to power by CIA and Pakistan´s secret service in -96 now has been defeated and other known crooks, gangsters and opium sellers, responsible for the death of maybe 50,000 civilians when last in power, have again taken power, for some time or indefinitely remains to be seen. Large parts of the infrastructure in Afghanistan have been bombed into oblivion as have Red Cross buildings and important depots. Unexploded cluster bombs will cause carnage for generations. Some thousands of brainwashed Taliban soldiers, most of whom had no knowledge whatsoever of any terrorist actions outside Afghanistan, have been killed. A few hundred lower level commanders have been captured and will be questioned. The main "enemies" and raison d étre of the "war", the monster, evildoer, fanatic (etc), Bin Laden and his sidekick Mullah Omar, suspected (but not convicted) of atrocities and certainly no friends of capitalism, are not to be found even after levelling the topography of parts of the country and their whereabouts may be any place in the eastern parts of the world.

Female Marital Submission in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Charlotte Perkins

Female Marital Submission in "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins "The Yellow Wallpaper" explains a woman's life in that time period, especially that of the narrator, who is living a life of a typical housewife of that time, but who is not able to cope with the oppression. Seems like the narrator fails to see her imprisoned state till towards the end of her story. The main character or the narrator is married to a doctor who is a typical male of those times. Also she has a brother who is in a similar profession as her husband. The narrator knows that she is not too well and that John - her husband does not realize the intensity of her sickness, he ignores her continuous efforts to make him aware of the real situation and her suffering. To make the situation worse he imposes his opinions on her even when it comes to her health. This story shows us the life and the thoughts of the narrator which lead her to be free, but go out of her mind in the sense of the real world. This story is written as if the narrator is writing it. The narrator is sick and her husband has made her a study project, She is continuously watched and thus she has no privacy. The critic of this paper Beth Snyder points out a similar view Hon's condemnation of both the narrator's imaginative vagaries and her writing impels his wife to write in secret and to seek a kind of obscurity in the bedroom, because no one must "find" her writing. Writing, then, becomes its own means for establishing inferiority. But because so much of the story relies on looking and being looked at, both obscurity and secrecy are problemised for Gilman's narrator. Hidden, she cannot hide, and is always illuminated for her spectator-husband "when the sun shoots in through the east window" or when "the moon shines in all night when there is a moon". Snyder in her paper, also mention another view, "It is essential for the narrator to believe that she is writing on dead paper, but she writes for an audience regardless of the paper's "lifelines" and brings another consciousness into the bedroom (the introduction of the audience seems to defy the deadness of the paper)". The narrator is extremely lonely, not in a physical sense, but in a emotional sense.

The Challenges of Strategic Management

Strategic Management 313 News Critique – Topic 1 – The Challenges of Strategic Management *Mishal Ibrahim Mohamed *Didi 12928039 1. News item sources Gross, D. 2010. Major new app store to take on Apple, others. http://www. cnn. com/2010/TECH/02/15/app. store/index. html? iref=allsearch (accessed March 6, 2010). Kincaid, J. 2010. The Wholesale Applications Community Sounds Like A Disaster In The Making. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/15/AR2010021502209. html (accessed March 6, 2010). Mobile firms unite to offer applications. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/technology/8515813. stm (accessed March 6, 2010). Schenker, J. L. 2010. Mobile Industry Strikes Back at Google and Apple. http://www. businessweek. com/blogs/europeinsight/archives/2010/02/mobile_industry. html (accessed March 6, 2010). 2. Summary On February 15th 2010, the world's largest 24+ companies that deal with telecommunications have announced that they are tying up with each other to form what they call the Wholesale Applications Community (Gross 2010). This strategy is aimed at creating a unified open platform to create applications to work on any phone, including any carrier and any operation system (OS) that they are using (Kincaid 2010). As we know, Apple dominates the app market with more than 3 billion downloads in 18 months (_Mobile firms unite to offer applications 2010). The operators realised that their current strategy of creating individual applications for each of their phones was not able to come even close to the market share and the competitive advantage that Apple's App store has (Gross 2010). They realized that if they combined their efforts with each other they would be able to serve 3 billion customers collectively (Schenker 2010). Currently all most all third party developers have all been developing for Apple's App Store which amounts to about 140, 000 applications and almost completely ignoring the rest of the market (Schenker 2010). The Wholesale Applications Community's plan is to balance this market by bringing these developers towards them since they would be serving a bigger market collectively (Schenker 2010). They aim to have this common standard by a maximum of 12 months (Mobile irms unite to offer applications _2010). *3. Links* to topic This news critique links to Topic 1 – The challenges of strategic Management in many ways. Firstly the topic talks about what a strategy is and what achieving competitive advantage means. Apple in this case has achieved competitive advantage using its App Store. It has dominated the market for a long time with its app lications which other companies were not able to imitate as efficiently (Gross 2010). Secondly, the topic talks about how there are intended strategies and emergent strategies and the implementation of these strategies. Since Apple had such a market dominance, the original strategy for the other companies were to make applications and application stores by themselves but as the market changed they decided to improvise and implement a new strategy which was to work with each other to make a universal application store that would work on all their phones (Schenker 2010). The aim of this strategy as explained in the summary was to even the market and reduce the competitive advantage that Apple had over the rest (_Mobile firms unite to offer applications _2010). 4. What can be learnt There is a lot of things that can be learnt from this. For one, it shows the importance of implementing strategies and the power of achieving competitive advantage. The article said that Apple's App Store had 3 billion downloads in 18 months because of how brilliant their app store was compared to the rest of the competition (_Mobile firms unite to offer applications _2010). What was also learnt was that no one strategy would work forever and that strategies need to be consistently changing based on the environment around the company as well as what the competition is doing. If the other telecommunication companies just stood still with their old strategy then it is most likely that Apple would gain even more competitive advantage over them. They adapted and changed their strategies to match the market and compete. 5. Future developments There is a strong debate in whether this would be successful or not. Rob Conway, CEO of the GSM Association is extremely excited about this since he feels that it will be the start of an equal market with much more innovation (Gross 2010). Andy Rubin, Google VP of engineering, on the other hand believes that this is merely a dream and is extremely sceptical that it would work since he believes that the market place is too fragmented and also the specifications of each phone is too varied to create a singular format (Kincaid 2010). I personally think that this is both good and bad. I do agree that this would create more innovation and ultimately more value for the customers since finally competition would be created in the application market, but at the same time I do notice certain problems. For example if they are creating applications that would work on any phone then I feel it is likely that we might start seeing too much similarity in phones. The sizes of phones would be almost the same, the screen size would be almost the same and so forth. Nothing would be more unique than the other and it is likely that the companies may argue with each other on what the final design should be. Then again if these application are made in such a way that it could fit any size then there should not be much of a problem. In conclusion, I guess time will tell how effective this strategy will be for the mobile phone market.

Cool (Buzzword Research Paper)

What exactly is cool? While some slang words die the day after they are conceived, or can only be applied to a specific culture and geographical setting, cool is an ever expanding word that knows no bounds. You can find it describing the temperature of the water that comes from the right side of the faucet, or explaining why a product is something that everyone should own. It can describe the genre of music being listened to or a glance into someone’s personality. Not only has it been used in a multitude of phrases across the nation, it is also one of the few slang words to have theories formed in an effort to understand it.Although, understanding the word goes beyond just knowing what it means and how it’s used, an understanding of the words origin also plays a key role. Cool has had a variety of meanings throughout time, although figuring out which was the first to be used in a slang sense varies on the sources looked at. Some say that the term’s first use is d ated back to the origins of Beowulf, being used infrequently in the play by minor characters to describe the emotions of others as calm, dispassionate, or unexcited (Quinion).While this idea predates all of the other possibilities, the strongest and most prevalent speculation is that its birth was in the 1940s with the jazz age alongside the genre of cool jazz, in which, â€Å"Jazz aficionados used the term to distinguish this style from the hot jazz†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Quinion). Those who follow the idea that the term was first coined in Beowulf will agree with the popularity and increase of use during the 1940s, but will also say that the term had changed several times before, and is a cumulative result of those changes.While those supporting the belief that cool was born during the jazz age will reject the claims, state that the term was only initially used to represent the melodies of cool jazz, and didn’t become a â€Å"heavier† slang term until the mid-1940s and into the 1950s (MacAdams). Regardless of the debate over its first use, the different meanings cool undertook were across the board. Time-traveling back to the 1840s and calling someone cool could have put a smile on their face, or let them know that they needed to check their attitude.In this era it was attached to definitions such as assured, audacious, impudent, and could be found in phrases such as â€Å"Cool as a cucumber† or â€Å"A cool fish†. (Martin). Fast-forward ninety years – only a decade before the cool jazz explosion – and the word now takes a purely negative meaning thanks to its dictionary definition. According to Merriam-Webster, one of the many definitions of cool is, â€Å"Marked by steady dispassionate calmness and self-control†(Merriam-Webster).Since being dispassionate and on top of things in the ‘30s may have implied that someone was withdrawn or depressed, referring to someone as being cool was typically an insult (Gioia). It was due to this that phrases such as â€Å"A cool reception† and â€Å"A cool personality† were born. Ten years later came the birth of cool jazz, and the primary argument for the birth cool as a slang term. Only a few years beyond the jazz age in the 1950s, two new meanings for cool were born. The first held the meaning of controlled or discreet, and gave rise to phrases such as, â€Å"Stay cool†(Quinion).What is confusing however is that the second usage meant one of the following: restrained, relaxed, detached, stylish, excellent, or just about any other positive meaning, and was still used in the saying â€Å"Stay cool†(Quinion). Later on in the 1960s, the cool that meant relaxed or excellent, moved into common teen slang where it has since stayed – unaltered – for the past fifty years. Interestingly, while the word’s meanings are straight forward, its explanations for changing are not. Cool entered the English language as mor e than just a textbook explanation for temperature before the popularization of etymology.While most other slang words have also, their length of popularity was not as long, expansive, or as broad of a term, and because of this it makes determining the exact reason of change beyond difficult. Reasons for the changes between positive and negative connotations pre-1930s are almost nonexistent; however there is one major leading idea as to why the switch took place from the ‘30s to the ‘50s. The idea is that Black American English took the term, reversed its meaning to be positive, became popular within the black community, and was then released back into mainstream language.The only evidence to support this is that it would not have been the first occurrence, â€Å"If this is true, it wouldn’t be the first example of a type of slang construction common in modern American Black English — for example bad or wicked† (Gioia). Cool goes beyond being just an other slang term; it also has its own theories based on its modern day interpretation. There are two major theories, the first being cool as a marketing device. According to PBS, this theory states that cool is a manufactured and empty idea that can be exploited by leaders of companies.These leaders control a cycle of â€Å"cooling† and â€Å"uncooling† products to create a false sense of need in the buyers mind in an effort to control the market. The second theory is cool as an elusive essence. According to Malcolm Gladwell, a writer for the Newyorker, cool is real, but an unknowable property. Cool is something that exists, but can never be obtained. This theory is defined by three major points: discovering what is cool causes cool to move on, cool can’t be made, only observed, and cool can only be seen by those who are already cool (Gladwell).The fact that cool is one of the longest lasting slang words in history promotes a lot of thought on its future uses an d possibilities for change. Surprisingly, cool has avoided being sucked into professional use (as in keeping its slang meaning, but now as an acceptable reasoning for professions) and remained solely a slang term primarily used by young adults. Surviving several wars, and social evolutions, the future of cool looks ever expansive and limitless, which is cool all in itself.

The Increasing Need For Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

The Eastern Cape Appropriate Technology Unit ( ECATU ) nucleus map is support Government policy aims in the country of socio -economic development and poorness obliteration by be aftering funding and transporting out undertakings associating to allow engineering in all development Fieldss in the state Undertake research and development of bing and proposed engineerings in the public and private sectors into any field of rural development and poorness obliteration. Provide proficient advice, where necessary, to authorities on inventions to back up policy and determination devising Promote sustainable development techniques and methodological analysiss The Entity focuses on bettering the quality of life for rural communities, without increasing the usage of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to provide them indefinitely. ECATU besides operates in line with the Millennium Development Goals, for illustration: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poorness and hungriness Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower adult females Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a planetary partnership for development Sustainable development may specify as development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands The Entity utilizes alternate sustainable engineerings in the edifice, H2O, energy and nutrient security sectors -household gardens and community agriculture. For this undertaking the chief focal point will be on agricultural activities the Entity undertakes with rural communities. The widespread inequality and crunching poorness impacting half of the population in the South Africa ‘s Eastern Cape consequences in unequal and unstable nutrient supply, hapless nutrition and weak exigency nutrient direction systems Inadequate societal safety cyberspaces, high unemployment and high prevalence of HIV/AIDS farther exacerbate nutrient insecurity. The chronic deficiency of nutrient security experienced by more than a 3rd of the state ‘s population further high spots severe, endangering inequalities in South African society The nutrient programme increases the capacity of the beneficiary communities by supplying them with preparation and support for sustainable nutrient horticulture. Those trained are so expected to each train and impart support to five other families in set uping vegetable gardens. In this mode, wider community is promoted. Training is based on environmentally friendly rulesSustainability HazardsEnergyEnergy deficits have increased the monetary value of production, therefore increasing nutrient monetary values in for communities. Planting has become expensive therefore the community is unable to works.WaterThe deficiency of sustainable agribusiness harms the environment by sucking rivers, lakes and belowground H2O beginnings dry, increasing dirt salt and thereby destructing its quality, and by rinsing pollutants and pesticides into rivers that in bend destroy downstream ecosystems such as corals and engendering evidences for fish in coastal countries. Insufficient nutrient production and harmful agribusiness subsidies are doing deforestation, H2O deficits and pollution. The chief causes are: – leaky irrigation systems, uneconomical field application methods, pollution by agri-chemicals and cultivation of thirsty harvests non suited to the environment. The waste and pollution of H2O is made worse by misdirected subsidies, low public and political consciousness of the crisis, and weak environmental statute law. The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of H2O resources, and variableness in H2O supply has a major influence on wellness and public assistance in hapless countries. With H2O scarceness and utmost conditions events expected to increase under climate alteration, H2O security could worsen significantly in rural countries. Consequently, it is of import to understand the impacts of planetary alteration ( in footings of clime, human ecology, engineering, and so on ) on agribusiness and natural resources our developing state.Unpredictable conditions conditionsAdverse conditions conditions, peculiarly the heavy rains delay harvest home and Vegetables like will be in short supply, so their monetary values will besides lift. Increased vaporization and decreases in dirt wet could decline dirt eroding and related deposit, worsening a job disputing the agribusiness The degree of regional alteration in temperature and precipitation including variableness and extremes ( for example, late spring hoars, hail, storms, etc. ) ; the magnitude of the C dioxide fertilisation consequence on harvest output ; the ability of husbandmans to accommodate to potentially new clime conditions ( e.g. , holding H2O and/or irrigation installations available ) ; dirt restrictions that could forestall some harvests from being able to take advantage of a warmer clime ; and the province of the planetary market ( e.g. trade good monetary values and entree to planetary markets ) However, the impact of each or all of these factors is hard to foretell because they are extremely interconnected with other biological and socioeconomic ( including authorities policies ) factors.PollutionPollution is an environmental job disputing harvest agriculture, could decline with the effects of clime alteration. The agribusiness industry is already lending to pollution in T through the usage of pesticides, ensuing in bio-accumulation of these substances. Higher temperatures are besides likely to let the endurance of plagues that usually do non defy cold winters, ensuing in extra menaces to harvests and farm animal and the heightened demand for pesticides. Using these pesticides has the potency of making extra environmental concerns.HIV/AIDSSince most agricultural activities take topographic point in rural countries, where husbandmans chiefly utilizing labour intensive techniques live, and have been much vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, it has resulted into diminution of agricultural production in general, and nutrient production in peculiar. Many communities whose beginning of income, nutrient and general support is agriculture have registered negative growing due to HIV/AIDS. A figure of factors, all related with HIV/AIDS explain the general pattern/trend of reduced agricultural production such as depletion of labour force and increased work load due to increased dependence load, loss of accomplishments and cognition, and income break. AIDS undermines agricultural systems, affects the nutritionary state of affairs and nutrient security of rural households. Families face worsening productiveness every bit good as loss of cognition about autochthonal farming methods and loss of assets ( Focus, 2001 ) . Labor intensive farming systems with a low degree of mechanisation and agricultural input are peculiarly vulnerable to AIDS. Given the fact that AIDS is concentrated among the 15 – 45 old ages old, who are most able bodied, so agribusiness suffers most in footings of production and market for the accruing merchandises.Sustainability OpportunitiesEnhancing the Carbon Sink FunctionSignificant sums of CO2 can be removed from the ambiance and stored in dirts through a scope of farming patterns, such as organic agriculture, zero or decreased cultivated land systems that avoid or cut down dirt perturbation, turning protein harvests, and transition of cultivable land to grassland. Organic agribusiness does non foul watercourses with nitrates or toxicants, it doubles C segregation, it is more efficient, both in H2O and non-solar energy footings and it improves biodiversity.Supplying Renewable Resources for Bio-energies and Bio-productsBio-energies produced from agricultural biomass can replace other emanation intensive energy beginnings, such as fossil fuels. Increased engagement of husbandmans in turning energy harvests for bio-fuels, little power Stationss or for farm combined heat and power workss. An addition for usage of renewable agricultural resources in industry such as agro-materials, bio -plastics and bio-chemicalsEnhanced Research and Development in Agricultural MethodologiesSoil Conservation: Farmers ‘ specific version options listed in this class include mulching, planting of screen harvests, using fertiliser and organic manure. Changing Planting Dates: This covers early planting and late planting options. Changing Cultivated land Operationss: The options in this class are utilizing minimal cultivated land operations, full cultivated land operation and excavation ridges across inclines in the farm against eroding. Planting Autochthonal Trees: This specifically involves seting trees in the farm to function as shadiness against rough temperature. Irrigation: As the name implies, it involves providing H2O to the farm. The informal type is used here.Carbon TradingProvides a strong fiscal inducement to cut down energy ingestion it is an easy and powerful tool for authoritiess to drive emanations down civilization Pull offing emanations is one of the fastest-growing sections in fiscal services.Water Recycling and Rain Water HarvestingThe Free Basic Water – every family in South Africa is entitled to a free 6 000 liters ( 6 M3 ) per month ( for domestic usage: imbibing, cookery and hygiene ) Much of the domestic H2O can be recycled at a family degree and used to turn nutrient. Soap and other drosss can be removed through flocculation and gravitation fed sand filtration. A current research undertaking is developing, â€Å" Guidelines for sustainable usage of gray H2O in small-scale agribusiness and gardens in South Africa † In add-on to supplying a reliable, locally-controlled H2O supply, H2O recycling provides enormous environmental benefits. By supplying an extra beginning of H2O, H2O recycling can assist us happen ways to diminish the recreation of H2O from sensitive ecosystems.Hazard Assessment-QualitativeProbabilityVery High – occurs more than twice a month High – occurs one time every three months Medium – occurs one time every nine months Low – occurs one time every twelvemonth Very Low – occurs one time every three old agesIntensityHigh – impact is regional Medium – local impact over a period of months Low – limited to site and easy returned to normal1=Energy, 2=Water, 3=Adverse Weather Conditions, 4=Pollution, 5=HIV/AIDSHigh Medium Low 1 Very High Hydrogen Hydrogen Meter 2 High Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen 3 Medium Hydrogen Meter Meter 4 Very Low Meter Meter Liter 5 Low Hydrogen Meter Meter The Entity adheres to two pillars of the ternary underside line, viz. the Economic Sustainability, Social Sustainability. It does non hold schemes to mensurate and supervise the impact on the environmental resources. A scheme to step and proctor impacts and to implement systems to guarantee that resources are used in a sustainable mode and that negative impacts are reduced or minimized and uninterrupted betterment is achieved demands to be developed An audit was done on the communal agricultural sites, presently the sites there is no monitoring of sustainability patterns or the sum of resources used or generated, such as H2O, energy, waste and pollutants. Post the environmental audit the Entity will follow an environmental and societal direction system.-EMS as this is an of import tool to guarantee that Entity undertakings are complaint with regulative and entity demands and cognizing the impacts it has on society. This will assist concentrate the Entity on precedences for all actions and will function as a model for seting thoughts into pattern.Sustainability Management Tool -Cradle to SculptThe traditional manner to turn to environmental jobs was to concentrate on a works or a site of production and most frequently on one peculiar pollutant. However, this attack frequently leads to job shifting, either from one phase of the life rhythm to another or from one environmental job to another, merely by change overing the pollution into another signifier. In order to minimise the environmental impacts of a merchandise or a service, one needs to compare the overall ( â€Å" cradle-to-grave † ) environmental efficiency ( impact per k g [ kg ] of merchandise or per unit of service ) of different ways of bring forthing it and for a comprehensive scope of environmental jobs. Covering the whole life rhythm of a merchandise besides allows placing the hot musca volitanss where most additions can be achieved with least attempt and costs. Life rhythm Assessments Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) is a quantitative method used to mensurate the energy and stuff flows associated with all phases of a merchandise from cradle to sculpt. The application of LCA to agricultural and nutrient production processes is get downing to increase. LCA to maintain the entireness of the system in head when sing the sustainability of certain constituents. This involves sing all of the procedures associated with the production of the harvests. Life rhythm believing merely adds another dimension to our position of the agricultural system as a whole. In LCA surveies the full production system should be considered, i.e. for harvest production systems the analysis includes non merely the on-field activities, but besides all impacts related to the production of natural stuffs ( minerals, fossil fuels ) and farm inputs like fertilisers, works protection substances, machinery or seeds. The LCA method will measure the impact of emanations and resource ingestion associated with harvest production on the undermentioned environmental effects: depletion of a biotic resources, land usage, clime alteration, toxicity, and acidification, In order to enable decisions on the overall environmental impact of alternate harvest nutrition systems, an collection process to cipher indexs for resource depletion ( RDI ) To guarantee future sustainable harvest agriculture below are some patterns that may help in accomplishing sustainable development.Safeguard natural resourcesProtect the unity of water partings, wetlands and grazing lands to continue ecosystem services and biodiversity. Invest in engineerings and techniques to advance water-use efficiency, such as improved irrigation systems, preservation agribusiness and better H2O allotment systems. Retain dirt wet, construct up dirt organic affair and prevent eroding by using techniques such as preservation cultivated land, alimentary direction and the usage of renewal Facilitate drought-preparedness and extenuation through appropriate engineerings, including usage of remote detection, local conditions prediction, drought-tolerant harvests, early warning information systems, improved irrigation engineerings ( based on works demands through evapo-transpiration ) , fertilisation techniques and constructing the resiliency of rural communitiesShare cognitionCreate international programmes to portion best patterns for the acceptance by husbandmans of bing water-efficient engineerings by doing them more low-cost, accessible and efficient in usage. Promote the usage of pilot undertakings and presentation secret plans and develop â€Å" develop the trainers † programmes for wider airing of cognition. Use Integrated Crop Management ( ICM ) best patterns ( notably by deploying the right food and other inputs, at the right rate, right clip and in the right topographic point to better alimentary consumption and prevent N and phosphate overflow or escape to waterways ) Encourage improved cropping systems ( e.g. the usage of screen harvests and appropriate harvest rotary motion methods, such as nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants ) , cultivation patterns ( e.g. by restricting fallow periods and cut downing cultivation ) and soil-quality patterns to increase overall resource productiveness and protect dirt wet. Provide entree to information through â€Å" schools on the air † improved media usage, and nomadic phones. Build local entree and capacity Invest in infrastructure-building of appropriate, efficient irrigations and fertilisation systems. Repairing the worst leaks in irrigation channels or puting in low-volume and low-pressure micro irrigation ( such as trickle and micro-sprayers ) will convey immense nest eggs. Modest H2O storage can enormously better outputs in rain-fed agribusiness. Pumping H2O into natural aquifers is much cheaper than edifice dikes, as it prevents waste of H2O through vaporization. Protect cropsProtect CropsReduce H2O usage by understating pre- and post-harvest losingss. Support attempts to heighten nutrient quality and safety and to cut down waste along the nutrient concatenation through to end-consumers. Improve safety proving for food-handling and processing equipment, every bit good as storage techniques, conservation-chain systems ( cold concatenation, desiccation, drying ) and transit substructure.Enable entree to marketsBuild substructure that allows merchandise to be stored safely and moved to market expeditiously to cut down waste. Establish market wagess for utilizing sustainable agricultural patterns and acknowledge husbandmans ‘ critical function in supplying ecosystem services. Support husbandmans ‘ organisations, enabling them to run as aggregating bureaus conveying together single husbandmans to better entree to fiscal mechanisms, support and C markets.Prioritize research jussive moodsInvest in R & A ; D aimed at scaling up a wide scope of new H2O efficiency engineerings and patterns. Develop clime information services and early warning systems, every bit good as best possible estimations of conditions and clime impacts on harvest or eatage production, Promote partnerships between husbandmans and scientists to develop equal and fit-for-use engineerings every bit good as land and H2O direction tools where they are at a temporal and spacial graduated table utile for vulnerable rural communities. Better the capacity of a wide scope of harvests to turn in harsher climes, developing locally-adapted drought-tolerant, salinity-tolerant, and heat-tolerant. Science and modern engineering should be utilized to heighten autochthonal cognition that has sustained rural communities over the decennaries. Research and adapt best patterns from other developing states. In add-on the Entity must follow ISO 9000 quality confidence system in the undertakings they run because this criterion will supply a really utile extra counsel in nomenclature and apprehension and using QMS construct to their system. They mapped the ensuing system processes to demands identified in ISO 9001. They planned to seek enfranchisement to ISO 9001 to derive acknowledgment and credibleness from all stakeholders By accommodating The National LandCare Programme1999 which aims to hold communities and persons adopt an ecologically sustainable attack to the direction of the environment and natural resources, while bettering their quality of life. This means people use the dirt, H2O and flora resources in a responsible mode to guarantee that future coevalss will besides be able to profit from the same resources. LandCare is implementing incorporate attacks to natural resource direction which are efficient, sustainable and just. LandCare is a community-based programme supported by both the populace and private sector through series of partnerships South Africa has great policies and schemes in topographic point and is even a signer to the Kyoto protocol. The programme of action in traveling frontward should be crafting an execution program on how these policies are to be put into pattern by the ordinary adult male on the street to advance sustainable usage of natural resources.

Beauty Contest: Do they serve any purpose in society? Essay

A. Beauty contest almost xxxx refers to contest for women xxxx is usually for both genders; however for men are are mainly body building contest. Most contest are designed for women. Beauty contest compels especially women to conform to certain type of fantasy or unrealistic form of beauty. B. This topic is important because beauty contest affect women of all ages around the world on so many levels. It affects how women perceive themselves against other women. Most of all it affects women self confident and self-esteem and how beauty is defined in general. C. Beauty contest or pageants have been in existence since 1857 but became popular in 1920’s. The first beauty pageant was in 1854 but was protested against so much that the contest had to be put on hold for a while. In 1888 , the first ever beauty queen was crowned in Spa-Belgium in 192. The 16 year old Margaret Gorman was crowned as the first Miss America. Since then many countries have followed; especially Germany and USA. D. Beauty contest is a competition which mainly focuses on physical beauty the participants usually women are judged on their attractiveness with a prize and often a title awarded to the winner. E. There has always been divided opinions when it comes to the topic of beauty contest and how important it is. There have been argument for and against the purposes of beauty contest in society especially today. In my opinion beauty contest does not serve any purpose in our society today. Beauty content were first introduced in the USA in 1854 and was put on hold due to the intense criticizes made by the general public. The very first beauty queen crowned ever was crowned in Spa in Belgium in 1888 followed by many countries especially Germany and USA. 16 years old Margaret Gorman was the first Miss America crowned in 1921. In 1922 and 1923 one person xxx after which the rules changed so no one person can win the title more than ones. Originally Miss America was called the National Beauty Tournament and  then the organizers decided to call it Miss America as presently known. When the Miss America pageant started as a way to improve tourism on the New Jersey coast in Atlanta City. At the first beauty pageant contestants were asked to send pictures from which 21 were selected to appear before a panel of judges. Currently there are four main big international pageants; Miss World founded in 1951, Miss Universe founded in 1952, Miss International in 1960 and Miss Earth in 2001. In 2004 Brazil won all four beauty pageants. The purpose of beauty pageant in society has always been a controversial topic because women from all over the world are judged by the same standard of beauty present by these pageants. There is the argument that beauty pageants promotes women empowerment because part of the goal of the organizers of Miss America was to empower young women to achieve their personal goals while providing a forum in which to express their opinion, talent and intelligence. This may be true to some extend ; afterall there is xxxx. Where contestants are required to enter with a platform a course to advocate during their one yearlong reign. Time to persue her own cause is limited at best-per Amanda Angelotti in confessions of a â€Å"beauty pageant drop out† published in campus progress. Secondly, how it’s looking good and attractive for men whether through beauty pageant or cosmetic surgery real empowerment. Moreover as observed by Prof. Stoeltyle â€Å"that is to say that women should continue to be seductive and to be governed by the powers. In view of all the above reasons, beauty pageants obviously does more harm than good to the women and the society as a whole. Women need to learn the true meaning of beauty that their unique personality and inner beauty is what makes a phenomenal woman. Women need to be educated and to understand that it is not acceptable to be judged by other people’s perspective; being beauty or otherwise. Courtney E. Martine author of â€Å"Perfect Girls† starring daughters describe how the quest of perfection is having young women. â€Å"Beauty pageants must die..!. I would rather live in a world where those same girls don’t have to learn hours to walk in high heels to afford college. Lately there has been a tremendous increase in child beauty pageant and the age keep dropping. Putting the same kind of pressure on being evaluated solely on the looks on children who don’t even understand the make of their bodies yet. If the harmful results of beauty pageants are not highlited enough and women are educated to accept themselves just as they are more and more women both young and old will continue to search for this unatainable ideal beauty which is only a fantasy resulting in more young women suffering from various dietry disorders and more. The buttom line is that, â€Å"beauty is an organic process not a contest. Women deserves better says Courtney E. Martin; in her article to New York Times â€Å"Beauty Pageant Should Die†.