Religion And Discrimination :: essays research papers

Religion and DiscriminationOne might take the view that community should be tolerant to any religionso long as it conforms to our laws and written constitution. At first glance,this statement seems as fit an answer as possible to the question of societallimits to religious tolerance. Unofrtunately, if one were to consider thematter with more caution, one would eventually see that the statement could onlybe dissociate of a greater answer. It is without a consideration of some of theelements which constitute cults, as well as other factors, that one would falterin devising a definitive answer to the question.Certain succeeding(a)s or faiths which claim to be religions that areprevalent today are, in actuality, forms of cults. Although most of thepractices and elements common to cults are legal, they are, at best, suspect.The following should constitute the line of telerance partnership should not cross.Firstly, what distinguishes cults from religions is the manner in whichthey ope rate. Cults are designed with a view of insulating the individual fromthe rest of society. Once a ingredient of a cult, in most cases, the individual isremoved of most (if not all) of their personal autonomy. Most decisions aremade by the cult leader, access to the external world is often denied, and allinformation about the outside world is distorted by the leader. These types ofoperations should be intolerable by society.Second, there should be no tolerance for religions that espouse anyform of sacrifice, be it human or animal. Although historically, thesepractices were more or less prevalent and accepted, there certainly is no placefor them in modern times.Lastly, there should be a limit of religious tolerance with regards tothe manner in which some display their beliefs. Individuals in society shouldnot be subject toa ny violence or restriction of freedom as a consequence ofsomeone elses beliefs. on that point have been numerous illustrations of this in thepast. Individuals h ave blocked abotion clinics, have participated in violentdemonstrations concerning one issue or another, ad infinitum. These types ofreligiously-fuelled practices have no place in, and should not be tolerated, inpresent day society.For some, the state has been seen to usurp the place of God on occasion.The fervent belief held by Jehovahs Witnesses, in assence, acts as the basis oftheir religious dissent. There have been certain areas of the law, whichhistorically, have given rise to the conflict between the Canadian legal systemand Jahovahs Witnesses. As a result of this conflict, a countless of implicationshave arisen.

Explication of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay -- Papers Robe

Explication of The Road Not Taken by Robert FrostWhen reading The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost, I engraft that it was personal, especially to the author. The fact that it was written in first person form helped me to conclude that it was probably about the author. I think the reasoning behind his written material of this poesy was because in sprightliness, you have numerous obstacles to overcome and many choices and decisions to make, which opens a path that leads the way to your future. Since those things relate to Frost, I think it motivated him to write this poem on a personal basis, like a short autobiography on his life. It motivated him because he could then tell others about his life and shed advice and guidance to the deal that read his poetry. The Road Not Taken basically talks about the many obstacles in life, the choices and decisions that you have to make, and how the things you choose affects everything in your life and in your future. Frost also tells how he chose a path or a road, that even though was odd or different from every genius elses, he went on with his instincts and decided that it was the right choice. He tells how one single decision in life can make huge or drastic differences being every good or bad. This was expressed when he said Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less traveled by, And that has do all the difference.I found that throughout this poem there was much symbolism within it. Identifying that it was written in first person form showed that this poem relates to the author on a personal basis, and that it was probably written to symbolize his life. But when talking about peoples lives, you can conclude that peoples lives are generally and individually very diffe... ...om, a split road. Never really knowing the correct road to take the person chooses one path or road after analyzing the other. He is sure and goes on from gut instincts and picks a path moving on with a strong allow and a lot confidence, leaving the other road behind untouched.This poem relates to me in many ways because in my life, I was offered many options to choose from and many roads to take. Since its my life and my decisions to make, I never regretted a decision I made, I just look at it as, thats the way it was meant to be. Sure, the decisions werent always easy to make, but when you put your mind to it, think, brainstorm, and analyze a little the correct path or road usually will wispy up and give you guidance. Im not saying that all my decisions were correct, they where not at all. Im just saying that when you tried your dress hat it never hurts.

Early Arizona Women Teachers :: Essays Papers

Early azimuth Women Teachers At the end of the nineteenth century, genus Arizona was non a state, merely a territory, with a fledgling government and an even more rudimentary school system. Great distances separated people and often the eight children required to start a school and hire a teacher could not be gathered in an area. When they could, however, the teacher was often in for a surprise. Holding school in old saloons, carrying water to the schooling every day, having to use turned over barrels for desks, and creation the sole caretaker of the schoolhouse were just a few of the hardships faced by teachers. For women teachers, there were still more being paid less than male teachers, even though they were the majority, being unable to keep her job if she married, and not being able to attain higher positions such as superintendent or principal. Despite these conditions, women actively and aptly pursued careers in breeding, and often went beyond the call of duty for the ir students and their community. By facing many obstacles and overcoming them, the early women teachers of Arizona greatly improved the status of Arizona schools and that of women everywhere. In this period, the lot of teachers was a much more expanded role in the community than that of present-day teachers. Many teachers had to become translators when faced with the problem of teaching children who knew little or no English. In the book, Portrait of a Teacher Mary Elizabeth Post and Something of the Times in Which She Lived, Ruth Leedy Gordon explains that Mary Elizabeth Post, an early schoolteacher in Yuma, intoxicateed Spanish simply to communicate with her students (10). She also wrote recipes for her pupils mothers in Spanish and went to their homes to show them how to cook new dishes (76). In their collection of stories from the pioneer days in Arizona, Dust in Our Desks Territory Days to the Present in Arizona Schools, Alleen Pace, Margaret Ferry and L.J. Evans recorded that in an Arizona town called Morenci, teachers taught night classes for those who wanted to learn English, as well as those who wanted to learn Spanish (29). The language barrier created a lot more work for Arizona teachers, work that was not written in their contracts, but they took on the task of learning another language and teaching English to others without complaint.

Why Do Governments Find It So Hard To Control Public Expenditure? :: essays research papers fc

Why Do Governments Find It So Hard To get over Public Expenditure?     Since the 1970s procession public expenditure has become a politicallysalient issue, with the focus being on the difficulties experienced in nerve-racking tocontrol it. In order to answer a question concerning why governments find ithard to control public expenditure it is setoff necessary to looking at the reasonsfor the growth in public spending. There are three processiones which attempt togive reasons for growing public expenditure which I intend to scrutinise, theseare, the societal system approach, the political system approach and thegovernmental system approach. An evaluation of these approaches should in turnshed light as to why governments find rising public expenditure hard to control.Following this approach which gives a wide outlook on the problems facinggovernments in controlling public expenditure, I exit look at the post 1979conservative government as it in particular ta rgeted controlling expenditureupon taking office.     Under the societal system approach one reason why a growth in publicspending can be seen to have occurred is due to Wagners law of increasing assign activity. Wagners claim is that as per capita real income increases inparticular nations, they will spend a higher proportion of national productthrough government. As Wagners reasons for change magnitude public expenditure tendto be centralised around industrialisation and its associated effects it is notsurprising to find that he thought the density of urban living would increasesocial frictions to such an extent that the government would be called in tohandle it. That is to say, urban living would result in the need for intensifypolice protection and other forms of government regulation. Wagner alsobelieved that with growing industry certain investments would require so muchcapital that the state would have to cater it. He thought there would also bepublic g oods that may not be in the interests of an entrepreneur to provide.     There are counter arguments to Wagners suggestions, the first of theseis that it could be argued that increased density would provide opportunitiesfor economies of scale. Thus, the proximity of people to one another couldresult in networks of personal support, lessening the need for public services.Secondly, stubborn to Wagners arguments for public good provision by the state,it is possible to show other countries that either do without it, or provide foruser charges. This shifts the burden from general revenues to those who clearmost directly.     Another reason for rising government expenditure under the societalsystem approach is expressed via Tarschys demonstration effect. He suggeststhat the coming of tv "has led to increased awareness of the standard of

Philosophy for a Society in this Day and Age of Virtual Reality :: Philosophy Philosophical essays

Philosophy for a Society in this Day and Age of Virtual RealityABSTRACT Virtual reality is more than altogether high tech. We encounter this phenomenon in everyday media worlds and economy. The sign dominates the signed. Philosophy can describe this phenomenon by means of a different ontological analysis pastime Poppers theory of the three worlds and can prepare new ontological categories for knowledge of acting. After twenty minutes the test person seems to be absent. With a cyberhelmet on his head he looks around the virtual room. Whereever he looks, he faces a reckoner landscape from every perspective. The hand in the cyberspace glove gropes for its behavior like in a vacuum space. But it touches the things which cross the way. The test person is located in the middle of a virtual world. In the room, where the computer is located, other people wait for the test.If the topic is virtual reality, scenes like described above are associated High tech cyberspace on fast correspond comuters - if possible with a complete datasuit that allows to immerse almost completely into artificial worlds -, hovering through space, digital labyrinths and yet not built houses. But this examples only describes the gratuity of the iceberg. Under the watersurface of the extraordinary there is a wide ranging phenomenon of virtual realities The economy with its big companies, transfers capital and networks dissolves to virtual entities. People get lost in sport in virtual landscapes and make friends via chatting. Scientists investigate phenomena of nature by reconstructed simulation and practicians design the future by a CAD program. People sight pizza by internet, they flirt, make business, take journeys, join further education or talk with a coach.There is a virtualisation of the whole being. The classical differenciation amongst appearance and reality becomes blured. The simulation, in which people can walk around, is not fictive. It is not pure imagination, but something realized. It is reality although it is virtual. Economy makes it clear Money and metropolis are virtual entities. They determine our everyday life and they often decide about prosperity and poverty. The autonomy of virtual reality is even growing slice gathering momentum. A computer simulation for example generates itself without external influence. That could be compared with numerous experiments with cellular machines (Herber P. Franke, Das P-Prinzip. Naturgesetzt im rechnenden Raum, Frankfurt am Main 1995). But likewise media worlds have their own dynamic. Tv world news and ezines do not only report, but create own realities.

Philosophy for a Society in this Day and Age of Virtual Reality :: Philosophy Philosophical essays

Philosophy for a Society in this Day and Age of virtual(prenominal) RealityABSTRACT Virtual reality is more than only high tech. We encounter this phenomenon in everyday media worlds and economy. The sign dominates the signed. Philosophy can describe this phenomenon by means of a different ontological analysis following Poppers theory of the three worlds and can prep be new ontological categories for knowledge of acting. After twenty dollar bill minutes the test person seems to be absent. With a cyberhelmet on his head he looks around the virtual room. Whereever he looks, he faces a computer landscape from every perspective. The hand in the cyberspace glove gropes for its way like in a vacuum space. But it touches the things which cross the way. The test person is dictated in the middle of a virtual world. In the room, where the computer is located, other people wait for the test.If the topic is virtual reality, scenes like described above are associated High tech cyberspace on fas t parallel comuters - if possible with a complete datasuit that allows to immerse almost completely into artificial worlds -, hovering through space, digital labyrinths and yet not built houses. But this examples only describes the tip of the iceberg. Under the watersurface of the extraordinary there is a wide ranging phenomenon of virtual realities The economy with its big companies, transfers nifty and networks dissolves to virtual entities. People get lost in entertainment in virtual landscapes and make friends via chatting. Scientists investigate phenomena of nature by reconstructed simulation and practicians end the future by a CAD program. People order pizza by internet, they flirt, make business, take journeys, join further education or peach with a coach.There is a virtualisation of the whole being. The classical differenciation between appearance and reality becomes blured. The simulation, in which people can walk around, is not fictive. It is not concentrated imaginati on, plainly something realized. It is reality although it is virtual. Economy makes it clear Money and Capital are virtual entities. They determine our everyday life and they often decide about prosperity and poverty. The autonomy of virtual reality is even growing while gathering momentum. A computer simulation for example generates itself without external influence. That could be compared with numerous experiments with cellular machines (Herber P. Franke, Das P-Prinzip. Naturgesetzt im rechnenden Raum, Frankfurt am Main 1995). But also media worlds have their own dynamic. Tv world news and ezines do not only report, but create own realities.

U01A1 Zara Rapid Fire Fullfilment

U01a1 Zara Rapid-Fire Fulfillment Steven A. Shapiro Capella University European clothing retailer Zara has been highlighted in several publications as a copy for its supply cooking stove focus. This retail chain exists as a subsidiary of Spains largest app atomic number 18l manufacturer and retailer (Chopra & Meindl, 2012, p. 14). The most telling account of Zaras mastery is diminutive in an article for Harvard Business Review entitled, Rapid-Fire Fulfillment. Here, authors Ferdows, Lewis and Machuca (2004) describe three key principles that Zara relies on to maintain its success * Close the communication kink continue to a rhythm across the entire chain * Leverage your capital assets to attach supply chain flexibility (Ferdows, et al. , 2004) The first of these principles, Close the communication loop, outlines the processes by which information is transferred quickly between its valuable customer base and the designers. This open and nimble communication all(prenominal)ows Zara to bugger off a better understanding of the caprice of its customers which in turn, allows the company to stock its stores with clothing the customer wants when they want it.The next principle, Stick to a rhythm across the entire chain is outlined by Ferdows, et al. (2007) when they wrote, at Zara, rapid timing and synchronicity argon paramount (p. 107). The authors go on to highlight the rigidness by which Zara holds its retail stores to time-bound deadlines for things like product ordering. missing a deadline is highly frowned upon and can result in a retail store losing that opportunity to obtain additional products.The third principle, Leverage your capital assets to increase supply chain flexibility is fairly self-explanatory. The concept is that Zara funds the supply chain not only to run at an efficient manner with their in-house processes, provided it outsources the easier parts of the processes as well. The authors of the article write, Zara produces complicated p roducts in-house and outsources simple ones (Ferdows, et al. , 2004, p. 107). These guiding principles allow Zaras supply chain to drive the companys growth and success versus its less agile competitors.One example of this is given in the text, Supply Chain Management, by Chopra and Meindl (2012), these authors demonstrate this, saying, Whereas design-to-sales cycle times in the apparel industry have traditionally averaged more than six months, Zara has achieved cycle times of four to six weeks (p. 14). That difference is significant and is what allows Zara to take action based on the communication they notice above and rapidly react to customer demand in a way their competitors cannot.The most unique aspect of Zaras supply chain model is its level of control over all aspects of its business far more than its competitors. The authors of the HBR piece build on this point, stating, Instead of relying on outside partners, the company manages all design, warehousing, distribution, and logistics functions itself. Even many of its day-to-day operational procedures differ from the norm (Ferdows, et al. , 2004, p. 106). Another component of Zaras success, beyond just its maniacal control, is its belief in ensuring its processes and departments are funded for success.This is especially true for the information technology department. A fact which Chopra and Meindl (2012) conveyed when they wrote, Zara has also invested heavily in information technology to ensure that the latest sales entropy are available to drive replenishment and production decisions (p. 14) In conclusion, though Zara has been highly praised for its innovative supply chain management techniques, this praise is well deserved. It is open(a) from reading these two disparate accounts of Zaras practices that they have truly developed a successful and unique supply chain to enhance their business.The three principles that are at the core of the Zara philosophy serve to enhance their customers experience and continue to deliver value for their customer where competitors cannot. References Chopra, S. , & Meindl, P. (2012). Supply chain management (5th ed. ) Electronic. Indianapolis, IN Prentice Hall. Ferdows, K. , Lewis, M. A. , & Machuca, J. D. (2004). Rapid-Fire Fulfillment. Harvard Business Review, 82(11), 104-110.

All About Eve Essay

..and, in the last analysis, nothing is any good unless you can look up just before dinner or turn around in bed and there he is. Without that, youre not a woman Is this the message of the film? Made in 1950, the film All About Eve screen written and directed by Joseph Mankiewicz, was deliberately engineered to entice women back into their homes by and by WWII had forced many to dissemble working economic consumptions in the outside world. The film focuses on publicizing the importance of the image of a nuclear family and traditional gender roles and how finding love is endorsed as the proper course for women. This is evident through the roles and character development of the three main women in the film Karen Richards, Margo Channing and Eve Harrington. Through these characters, the film seeks the fulfillment of an prototypical 1950s American housewife and the hollowness of actresses career success compared to trade union.Furthermore, the film depicts self-supporting women a s a threat to conservative values as they live masculine traits. In the film, Mankiewicz emphasizes the security, gratification and permanence in housewives post Cold War. This is evident through the role of Karen Richards, the wife of playwright Lloyd Richards. Lloyd and Karen personifies the ideal marriage where Lloyd is the scribble winner, and Karen operates as a traditional, happy little housewife. Mankiewicz repeatedly frames Karen with characteristics of pureness and happiness through the use of bright camera lighting in mid-close up shots, portraying her as luminescent and angelic. In addition to this, Karen is often shot in light coloured costumes in contrasts to Eve and Margo, who are continuously frame in in dark colours throughout the film, suggesting her innocence. Both of these techniques highlight her fulfillment from marriage compared to Eve and Margo who are independent and unmarried.Karens character is used as a reflection of 1950s America stereotypical housewif e who is completely defined and loyal to her husband. This is evident during the film hinting Lloyds indiscretions, Karen remains loyal to him, and scour blames herself for his unfaithful behavior, where she wonders in a voiceover about that helplessness you feel when you have no talent outside of loving your husband. Here, love is represented as a talent and the generic mode of the line indicates a duty of wives to their husband. Ultimately, Karen is a reflection of the traditional housewife in 1950s America and is perceived as the most stable and mature female character as marriage has provided herwith financial and emotional security, social mobility and protection. Throughout the film, career accomplishments and fame is presented as fleeting and temporary, whilst marriage is emphasized as the utmost success for a woman. Mankiewicz establishes that females who rise to the top of their profession are only to be faced with the glass ceiling of the patricentric status quo.This is apparent in the character Margo Channing, a great star whose days as Broadways reigning star are numbered as she is at the blossoming of her career, at the age of 40. Although she is talented, famous and wealthy Margo is insecure that when she retires from the theatre shell be alone, without a career and without a man to love her. Marriage is offered as a solution for Margo, and only once she makes the decision that allows her to get back to existence a woman, do we see a gradual shift from Margo being an actress to being a proper married women. The gratification from marriage is highlighted through the use of camera lighting in the cub room scene after Bill and Margo announces that theyre getting married. A close up shot of Margos smiling face and relaxed manner with radiant lighting similar to Karens indicates true happiness as she has achieved the role of housewife. Through portraying her positively, the film asserts this will provide her with the happiness and sentiment she ha d been actively rejecting. In short, the use of Margos growing happiness as she transitions from professional career for marriage, the film positions the audience to view domesticity as providing ultimate fulfillment for women.In an era where women were expected to adapt to social norms, those who failed to take on the role of a nurturing mother with a financially secured husband were labeled as a threat to society. Mankiewicz uses the characters Margo and Eve to explore how independent and successful careered women possess masculine traits because they do not have a man. Prior to Margos marriage with Bill, the film portrays her with a masculine bearing through her deep voice and posture. In the scene of Margos voiceover, the audience can see that Margo is the head chief of the house, with Birdie and Eve jostling for her favour. This highlights Margos masculinity as during this era, the males were the dominant figure in the house, and the wives role was to please their husband. Th erefore, Margo is not presented as an ideal woman as she takes on the male role in her own home.Only once Margo marries Bill, we see her conform to societys expectations of married woman, as she leavespaid employment upon marriage to become a domestic housewife. Mankiewicz also depicts Eve, an independent and constructed success as manipulative, conniving and calculating mastermind driven by personal ambition, all of which were dominant values in a masculine society at this time. Furthermore, women without a man to love were displayed with masculine characteristics, and thus not truly a woman because they did not hold by reactionary American values. Ultimately, the film All about Eve is marked by a polarizing gender ideology, used to promote marriage as a romantic ideal and women. Through the roles of Karen, Margo and Eve, the film highlights that married women find happiness from serving their husband, the inevitable emotional emptiness that women will experience e if they reject their domestic roles in their pursuit of a career, and how independent women show traits that arent consistent as a true 1950s women. Thus the film suggests that domesticity is what provides women with ultimate satisfaction.

Eastbourne – Land use changes as you move towards the sea front

Eastbourne is large in tourism and also has a large beach, which has been managed. There has been a big project which lasted for 4 years to rebuild the groins. yet by re-building them, it hurts beach material. There is lots of land between the beach and houses. If the beach were to disappear, it would bring the economy right down and holiday workers will lose a huge sum of money.Senior citizens come to Eastbourne and retire there. If the beach were to disappear, then there would be a drain on the councils resources for the senior citizens and they wouldnt tolerate any supplies for anything. So by providing these people with resources, it obviously counts a lot on the councils economy as a lot of the money comes out from it, so therefore, the beach should remain there.HypothesisLand use changed as moved towards the sea front.MethodWe walked around the area and identified antithetic types of land uses. along the main road near Eastbourne Station, the variety of individual uses was recorded under different classes such as Residential, Industrial or Commercial. The different types of building were create verbally as a good turn followed by a code letter, depending on what it was classified as.After this took place, a Questionnaire was made by asking a number of people walking in and around Eastbourne and recording their answers. This consisted things such as how far they travelled to reach Eastbourne and also approximately how far they travelled.ConclusionEastbourne does sop up a large sphere of influence. Because its famous for its tourist industry, it attracts many senior citizens. There are a large number of hotels, restaurants and shops for local people and the villages around. Eastbourne is a tourist-orientated town with a lot to chap, such as entertainment, cinemas, restaurants and theatres. There are not a large number of young people as it wasnt a main holiday season or a weekend. If we had done our research on a weekend, we would have seen children stating over. Elderly people have trips to Eastbourne to either free or retire there. Especially at this time of year from now until early December, there will be a large number of remote people who go there for tinsel and turkey weekends, to have their Christmas dinner.There are hotels in Eastbourne for people such as conservatives, so the hotels will offer conference facilities for them.EvaluationIf a longer time were spent in Eastbourne, it would have been possible to have spent more time with the surveys on different days, to produce range of different results. Or even on a Saturday or a Sunday, which would have made a big difference. If the questionnaire was taken at different times of the day, like 3 or 4 for example, then there would have been a better spread of results from different age groups, as some children may have been at school at the time or adults may have been at work.Also, if a survey were taken at the coach park, there would have been a spread of locations as we could have noted where the coaches were coming from.

Interpreting Laws and Court Decisions Essay

Interpreting Laws and Court DecisionsInterpreting labor and involution laws, as well as court decisions, can be a tedious task at best. The laws set in place be constantly changing and use language that is not easily deciphered by the average working American. The joined States Labor laws cover the binding legal connection surrounded by the employers, their employees and the employee labor unions. Within the borders of the United States it is generally know that employers and labor unions do not see eye to eye on most issues regarding labor and employment laws. Labor laws can address one of three different situations A union attempts to organize the employees of an employer and to get the employer to recognize it as the employees bargaining representative (2) a union seeks to negotiate a collective bargaining agreement with an employer or (3) a union and employer disagree on the interpretation and application of an existing adjure between the two. Within these three situations, specific rules have been created to deal with propers of employees and employers. (Labor Law, 2005) The third situation is often seen more times than not thus creating an everlasting breaking between the two parties.In the lineament study 1-1 of our text, Reinstatement and Back Pay Remedy for Illegal Discharge, it seemed like a common sense open and close down scenario. My initial thoughts without any research had me thinking there was no way an employer would need to repair an unlawfully terminated employee, since the person in question is an penal alien. Recent events in the United States Court of Appeals for the Second band showed that my thoughts were way off base and wrong. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals decided on a case, Palma v NLRB, on July 10, 2013 that an employer could be required to reinstate illegal aliens previously terminated in violation of the NRLA or National Labor Relations Act. (Palma v NRLB, 2013) This particular case was on appeal from a National L abor Relations Board (NLRB) decision that was Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc v. National Labor Relations Board, which found the employer unlawfully terminated the aliens for engaging n concerted protected activity under the NRLA, but the aliens were not entitled to anaward of back pay. (Hoffman Plastics v. NLRB, 2001) On appeal, the Second Circuit reaffirmed the Hoffman Plastics ruling prohibiting back pay to undocumented aliens, however the bare bones of the final ruling states than an employer that fires employees in violation of the NLRA essentially could be required to reinstate ex-employees it knows to be illegal aliens pending these workers can show proof of work authorization and present it to the employers (Palma v. NRLB, 2013).The next question for this particular case study is if its possible for the court to enforce the voluntary settlement agreement between the employer and NRLB without violating any immigration laws? I believe the answer is yes on account of the Palma ruling, as long as the illegal aliens can provide proof of work authorization, theyre sitting in the drivers seat with minimal worries. trip Study 3-3 within our text book, titled NLRB Jurisdiction over a Private Charter School, were being asked if the Charter Schools Professional focus Inc (CSPMI) meets the definition of an employer, as stated n Section 2 (2), LMRA and therefore, the board may assert jurisdiction and conduct a representation election? (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, 2012). The case study tells us that To be exempt from NLRB jurisdiction as a political division of a state, the employer must either (1) be created directly by the state so as to constitute a department or administrative arm of the government, or (2) administered by individuals who are responsible to public officials or to the general electorate (pgs. 114-115) CSPMI was not created by the state or any government entity, rather is a private, for-profit organization and the board is elected by the ownership of the corporation.This right here shows me that they are not exempt from NLRB jurisdiction. An interesting case, gelt Mathematics & Science Academy Charter School, Inc., Employer and Chicago Alliance of Charter Teachers & Staff, F, AFT, AFL-CIO, Petitioner, was discussing the issue on whether a private, nonprofit corporation that established and operates a public charter school in Chicago, Illinois, is exempt from our jurisdiction because its a political subdivision of the State of Illinois within the meaning of section 2(2) of the NLRA (Chicago, 2012). The summaryof this particular case state While CMSA is not a political subdivision of the State of Illinois or the City of Chicago, I would decline jurisdiction because it is so closely intertwined with and defined by those governmental entities in providing services of a peculiarly public and local anesthetic nature. I am also noting that declining jurisdiction would not leave CMSAs employees without the possibility of collective -bargaining representation. It would only subject them to the same labor relations laws as are applicable to others who, like them, are defined by statute as public employees in a public educational system. Accordingly, I would dismiss the petition. (Chicago, 2012)REFERENCESChicago Mathematics & Science Academy Charter School, Inc., Employer and Chicago Alliance of Charter Teachers & Staff, F, AFT, AFL-CIO, Petitioner. Case 13-RM-001768, 2012Holley Jr, W., Jennings, K, & Wolters, R (2012) The Labor Relations Process 10th edition. South-Western CENAGE Learning United StatesLabor Law. Wests Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437702567.HTMLPalma v. NLRB, 12-1199 (2d Cir. 2013)

300 Word Essay about Emerson Essay

Emersons assertion every young man or women is born with some determination in his or her nature, and is a potential genius is very powerful and I agree. At a young advance most children fantasies about what they wish to become. For example I wanted to be a surgeon when I was younger. Over time the interest in become a surgeon faded away because I started to know more than about the many things you can study and do for the rest of your life. Having a wide goal when I was little influenced and made me think twice as I grew. Did I really want to become a surgeon and assertable save lives, or study material remains of past human life and activities? The point is having a goal since I was little makes me push myself more because I know I want to be more than a high school graduate.See more The stages of consumer buying decision process probeI have my own determination because I know Im the one that needs to work for myself to become as successful as I wish and I want to be goo d and passionate about something. My parents are fond of me and they really support my decisions, they really want me to be better than them and they give me the best they can to achieve what I want. My parents are my support. For that same reason I agree with Emerson. We all want to do something for person to either prove them wrong or make them proud. This could be yourself. What we are passionate about is different but we all have something to look precedent to. It all really depends when we find what we are passionate and determined about. Our determination about things become intensified and much clearer as we grow up and they may change.

Fluency Reading Plan Essay

Brief Synopsis- The story takes place on Manor Farm and has a third person perspective. The animals on the heighten are unhappy with their current conditions. Led by a few pigs they revolt against the farmer that housed them. They hope to form a utopian farm for on the whole animals. However, Napoleon (one of the pigs that started the revolution) starts to manipulate the animals and the humans around the farm. The farm starts to resemble its former self and Major begins to resemble the villainous farmer. This book is basically depicting fabianism in an interesting way.Overview of the Unit Reading fluency is an extremely difficult area to assess and instruct. In general, there are three areas that are address that attract up fluency phonemic awareness (being able to say words and read the construct of the letters that make up the word), grammar and comprehension. These three areas create together help a teacher assess the students they have. However, it is still very difficult t o classify since fluency seems to come natural to many students especially by grade 8 (Rasinski, 2004).Keeping all of this in mind there still needs to be a definitive gauge for assessment. This unit is base around some yarn aloud in class. After the students have read on their own time, having them reread the various passages out loud will help to increase their fluency. According to the book Classrooms that Work, repeated readings is a way to help students recognize high-frequency words more easily, thereby strengthening their ease of reading (Addison-Wesley 1998). This will also allow for the next area of significance to become a link in the fluency chain- verbiage.The students readings will bring home the bacon opportunities to ask them about the various vocabulary words in this unit. The unit will stress various vocabulary words and a higher install of thinking to gain comprehension. As they read, the teacher can pick out these words and engage the students to see if they c omprehend what is being said. If the students do not conceive the words, the next step cannot happen which is comprehension. Comprehension and fluency are forever linked. One cannot happen without the other.The easiest way to label it is students must be able to understand what they read. That is why in many younger grades, grade levels are not simply based on the student being able to read the words, exactly to what degree they understand what they are reading. The main construct of the lesson is to expand the knowledge of the students and have them reading something outside of their normal realm. Students should always feel they are attainment something new (Grabe, 2010). This book and unit will allow for that to happen.Reading aloud by the students, by the teacher, and discussions about various vocabulary and plot themes will make this lesson successful. The students will read a great book that is a classic and they will gain an understanding of some high school level vocabular y and thought processes. References Cunningham, P. M. & Allington, R. L. Classrooms That Work They Can All Read and Write. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. 1999 Rasinski, T. (2004). Creating fluent readers. Educational Leadership, 61(6), 46-51. Grabe, W. (2010). Reading in a second language. Ernst Klett Sprachen.

Water Diuresis in Man Practical Report Essay

conceptionThe body needs to maintain equilibrium to function properly in everyday life. The most cardinal substance it must regulate is wet water is everywhere in our body and its balance is intrinsic for proper body function. A very carefully regulated process is solute concentration. If there is a sharp increase in water which enters the extracellular fluid, atomic number 11 ions will thence contribute less to the extracellular solute concentration as the ratio amongst water and solute has now changed. Osmolality is the amount of solute in a kilogram, wherefore the osmolality in the extracellular space has also reduced. Water diuresis is the increase in urinary water excreted with petty(a) or no change in the solute excretion.Excess water needs to be excreted to maintain a good balance of water and solute inside the body. The aim of this unimaginative is to test the effects of strenuous sour and desmopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) on piddle flow and urine sodium conce ntration. We will be testing the hypotheses that vigorous wield will decrease urine flow and increase urine sodium concentration, whereas desmopressin will fool the oppositeness effect of decreased urine flow and increased sodium concentration. using up the class data (refer to the appropriate figures in your discussion). (a) What happens to the appraise of urine production (i.e. urine flow) for the three procedures (i.e. keep, desmopressin and exercise)? Use your knowledge of statistics to evaluate the raise that the responses by and by the treatments (i.e. desmopressin and exercise) differed from that in the control represss. Explain the following (including the underlying mechanisms) i. why there is a go over in the onset of the diuresis after water loading in the control subject (A) ii. the effects of administered desmopressin on the diuresis (subject B) iii. the mechanisms by which a single session of vigorous exercise affects the diuresis acquired by the water load (subject C).after imbibing water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after winning the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnetts t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was signifi thronetly incompatible to that of the control. There is a delay in the onset of diuresis after loading in the control subject as it takes time for the water to be filtered in the body. Water is absorbed from the gut into the extracellular fluid. Osmoreceptors from the cigarette pituitary detect the water through cell stretch and initiate responses that control ADH secretion (Widmaier et al., 2014).Fluids are filtered through the kidneys and the excess water is transported to the bladder where it will then be excreted. Desmopressin decreases the urine mountain excreted. Desmopressin is a synthetic substitutefor a nti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Due to increased water reabsorption, diuresis (urine volume) is decreased. A single session of vigorous exercise sharply decreases the urine flow and hence, diuresis. During exercise, you lose sodium and water by sweating so the kidney works to reabsorb the water so you are not dehydrated. This results in more concentrated urine.(b) If a control subject was dehydrated at the beginning of the practical class, how would you expect this to affect their response to the water load? They would retain some of the water and hence would have decreased urine excretion compared to someone who is well hydrated.(c) What effect does alcohol have on water diuresis? What is the mechanism of the action of alcohol on a water diuresis? Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of ADH, which acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Because ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water and hence produce more urine, causing increased water diuresis.(d) Use the class represents and statistical analysis of the urine sodium concentration to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the urine sodium concentration? According to the statistical analysis, the difference between the control and desmopressin subjects for sodium urine concentration were significantly different. Looking at the class graphs, this is also true the graph values vary significantly. There seems to be an inverse relationship between urine flow and urine sodium concentration. When the urine flow is high, the urine sodium concentration is relatively low and vice versa.(e) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the sodium excretion rate to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the sodium excretion rate? According to the statistical analysis, the sod ium excretion rate for the control and desmopressin subjects are not significantly different. This can also be seem from the class graphs theyfollow similar values. There does not seem to be a high correlation between urine flow and sodium excretion rate. After taking desmopressin, the subjects sodium secretion rate is similar to the controls, however, the urine flow is noticeably decreased after drinking water. Looking at the exercise subjects, their sodium excretion is lower than the other subjects after drinking water, however their urine flow after a few samples is significantly increased.(f)Complete the following table stimulationType/Site of ReceptorsADH Responsephysiologic response on Urine VolumePhysiological response on Blood VolumeIncreased osmolality (dehydration)OsmoreceptorsHigh ADH levels diminish fallDecreased osmolalityOsmoreceptorsLow ADH levelsIncreasedIncreasedIncreased blood volumeBaroreceptorsDecreased ADH secretionIncreasedIncreasedDecreased blood volumeBarerec eptorsIncreased ADH secretionDecreasedDecreasedCONCLUSIONSWe concluded that strenuous exercise decreases urine flow and hence will increase the concentration of urine. Desmopressin decreased urine flow and due to this increased water excretion, also decreased the concentration of urine.REFERENCESWidmaier, EP, Raff, H & Strang, KT (2014). Vanders Human Physiology. The Mechanisms of Body Function. MCGraw Hill, Chapter 14, page 499.

Approach in Teaching Standard English to Native Speakers

slope is ingestiond by many people all around the world. Different people theatrical role it for various purposes in different settings. The incline in the modern quantify is non considered as a unite and single manner of speaking because of many factors, integrity of which is the diverse society that has contributed to the development of the face row. Linguist had real a number of specialized terms to track the different moods people nowadays use face. The first one is due to the regional variations of the people. People in different regions like the US, Canada, London, Ireland, Australia, India or Asia feature different ways in using the English linguistic communication. These regional variations in different beas differ rattling much in speaking the English voice communication either on its pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar. (Byrd, 1999)The molybdenum is the existing sub-regions within this argona. The US has many sub-regions existing also in England th ere atomic number 18 substantially many classings to be considered. The third factor is that all English are different, but all of them are considered and share the common core, the English language. The fourth factor entails that in addition to the regional variations of English, English has sub-groups of speakers which are alike either in education or social status.(Byrd, 1999) There are features of pronunciation and grammar that are apply to link people together belonging to a social group and as array of their social identity as members of the group.The fifth factors entails that English can be categorized into subsets belonging to a certain type of communication, say the English language used by engineers, mathematicians, or a group of college students. The sixth factor attributes the variation on how English is written or spoken. This particular factor is quite an complex but the ordinary humor is that there are differences attributed from example, a written research motif compare to a research presentation done in public. This area of topic is essential for English get a lineers of ESL/EFL for them to be able to sort which type of English to teach, and how they can efficaciously teach the type of English to use in a communication setting appropriate with the situation and conditions. Finally, linguist often times discuss the varieties of English ground on style. Style is often divided into loose sub-groups which label things such as prescribed, neutral, and informal. (Byrd, 1999)STANDARD AND NON-STANDARD ENGLISHIn the sermon of cadence English, the topic that greatly affects this discussion concerns with the use of terms and differentiation between standard and non-standard English. Both of these terms essential be delineate clearly before discussing the right sexual climax in teaching Standard English to ingrained English speaking students. Biber et al. (1988) suggest that vernacular should be used to define the Standard English rathe r than the tern non-standard because it somehow implies a prejudicious connotation to it.For professional teachers of English, they should be very careful with labeling and defining the sub-categories on English. English teachers are faced with issues such as first, with regards to the term standard which is a label in agreement with the people who are dominating a population and are likely to label the term to something that implies to having a prescription to use something that is labeled as standard.The term standard does not imply it be a better or best form of English, it just is a term governed by the keen-sighted process of standardization. routine, terms which describe the variety of English with un- or in this case, uneducated should be eliminated because of the negative connotations it brings. Third, there exists the realization that a dodge is present in contrasting between standard and no-standard. This system gives little help in specifying the many sub groups of English speaking people based on the vocabulary, grammar or pronunciation. Fourth, it must be understood that any individual must speak more than one version of English because in a diverse society, the skill is needed and can be used appropriately in everyday communication settings.APPROACH IN TEACHING STANDARD ENGLISHIn todays faculty member curriculum, specifically in grammar, the debate is not really about grammar, but rather language. Standard American English should be taught to students for them to grasp the essential style in communicating the English language. Katz and Stevens (1997) proposes that there should be a curriculum which is based on the model of foreign-language submersion programs that aims to teach students with Standard English to teach them the value and understanding of English whether it may be in writing, speaking, reading or understanding.The authors attributed their proposal based on the observation that the traditional curricula in most schools throug h and through the traditional method has not been effective in reaching the students reading, writing, speaking, listening and grammar skills. Hatwell (1985) study suggests that even with the study on formal grammar rules the knowledge acquired by students is not translated into practice. Also explained by Brosnahan and Neuieb (1995) mentions that one of the primary reasons why students are ineffectual to transfer their knowledge into action is because teachers are not teaching the right method.The authors suggest that the best way is to create an environment in which students are comfortable in studying the complexities of grammar. After their study, Brosnahan and Neulied conclude that teachers are likely to effectively teach the medium if they themselves like the topic and this in turn motivates their students to learn. This is called the enthusiastic focusing approach in grammar. Unfortunately, the study does not reflect the improvement on the students general facility with Stan dard English.According to Weaver (1979), the isolated grammar instruction could even hinder the language development, this situation because of the idea that the situation entails students isolation among their peers. Rather than practicing the formal ideas in the isolation instruction program, students are deprived of the time to either read, write and converse among their peers which could significantly help them in understanding Standard English.Krashen (1985) concluded in his study that the most efficient way to acquire a sec language is through immersion. Standard English, in other areas in of the world are considered as their second language because basically, they do not use the language in everyday settings and situations. The immersion approach result sanction students to learn Standard English in a situation and environment where they can interact with their peers, and use the language in the direct communication process of the program.Only after which student learns th e faculty of the second language do they learn about the language itself, and this in the end will refine their usage and style. ducking program will succeed as a method for teaching Standard English to native English speakers because it initiates the process by which children acquires their first language. This is accredited to the fact that children learn language holistically, first, through the immersion at home, and this leads to their understanding and communication ideas about their surroundings and with other people.Through immersion, children are stimulated continuously through their first language. To affectively teach this approach, it should encompass areas in speaking, writing, listening, and reading activities. Also, different activities should constantly be referring to this method for it to be effectively to be proven in a normal classroom setting. The school administrators should also mastermind their role in being committed with this kind of approach they should be the one to facilitate a cross-curricular immersion environment that explicitly uses the Standard English to emphasize its subjects.Teachers of the immersion curriculum should also score in teams to allow the continuum process of learning for both students and teachers. This will entail a positive way that will keep students motivated and will provide an environment where cooperation is included in every class. It must be noted though that the engrossment approach will not benefit all students, and those students in an environment where Standard American English is used poses as the best environment to which the approach can be adapted.CONCLUSIONThe traditional instruction of English is seen as ineffective and the need for a language curriculum that adapts to the developing needs of the students to become linguistically competitive is realized. Current grammar instruction and traditional methods had failed to discontinue the appropriate language and communicating skills to th e students. This is the problem that the Immersion program wishes to solve. Standard English, considered as a second language, enables students to effectively communicate with other people that comprise the diverse society we live in today. This will help them become competent and confident later on in their lives. Discreet lessons concerning prescriptive grammar is not evidently shown in the students language composition or their oral communicating skill, thus, the Immersion program aims to bring literacy, composition and communication together for students to master the essential concepts of Standard American English.ReferencesBIBER, D., ET AL. (1988) chromosomal mutation Across Speech and Writing, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.BROSNAHAN, I. A. N., J. (1995) Teaching Grammar Affectively Learning to Like Grammar Porthsmouth, N.Y, Boyton/Cook.BYRD, P. (1999) Standard & Non-Standard English The Dangers of Ill-defined Concepts.HARTWELL, P. (1985) Grammar, Grammars, and the Te aching of Grammar. College English, 47, 105-127.KRASHEN, S. (1985) Inquiries and Insights Second Language Teaching, immersion, and Bilingual Education, Hayward, CA, Almany Press.STEVENS, K. A. (1997) Standard English Immersion for Native Speakers PIPA.WEAVER, C. (1979) Grammar for Teachers, Urbana, IL, NCTE.

Parasitological examination of biological specimen

Ginger Ginger is a knotted, thick, beige electric resistance stem (rhizome). The stem extends roughly 12 Inches above ground with long, narrow, ribbed, green leaves, and white or yellowish-green flowers. The of the essence(p) active components of the ginger root atomic number 18 thought to be volatile oils and pungent phenol compounds (such as gingerers and gasohol). 1. 1 Parasitological examination of stool specimen This Is the examination of intestinal parasites. This aspect of the training was designed to maintain students to the area of Woolgathering.Helmets refer to arms and tramp be divided to 3 groups a. Nematodes-Round & segmented b. Custodies-Flat & segmented c. Dermatomes-Flat & engorgements. During the line of battle of stool sample, samples to be examined must be freshly passed. The first test carried out on samples is the macroscopical test which involves the use of the unaided eye to see basic morphological features Including the presence of melodic line or mucu s. The next step Is the microscopic test which Involves two steps 1 Direct wet grooming 2. Concentration techniques. The procedure of the direct wet set is as follows A drop of normal saline is deed to a clean, grease free slide using a Pasteur pipette. With a swab stick, a tiny mensuration of the stool specimen Is collected and placed on the slide containing the normal saline, and Is emulsified with it. after(prenominal) emulsification, the slide Is secrecyed with a cover slip and allowed to stand for 30 seconds to a minute and examined at a lower place a microscope using both low and high magnifications(ex. and ex.).It was noticed that the number of parasite eggs unsex the degree of infectious parasite that could result. Concentration of the stool specimen allows for easy viewing of hidden micro organisms. Its advantage over the direct wet preparation Is that In cases of light infections, the causative agents can comfort be viewed and detected. Concentration can be carrie d out either using brine, or 10% formaldehyde ether. Summarily, brine concentration is a floatation technique employing the use of density.Some vegetable marrows will float and stick to the cover slip and will be examined, while 10% formaldehyde ether is a sedimentation technique, where the substance desired to be examined descends to the bottom of a tube after centrifugation. The stain used for 1 . abdominal aortic aneurysm Collection and examination of blood specimen This involves in the collection and examination of blood samples. Collection can occur through either finger prick using a sterile lancet-when little quantity is required, or vein puncture using a syringe-when a relatively larger quantity is required.After collection, preparation for microscopic examination follows, and this could be done by direct wet preparation, thin blast or thick film methods. The direct wet preparation is carried out as follows With a Pasteur pipette, 2 drops of blood is placed on a clean, gr ease-free slide and covered with a coveralls and allowed to stand for seconds to minute, and then viewed under a microscope using low and high magnifications. Note that the standing is for easy identification of motile parasites.In the thin film preparation, a drop of blood is placed on a clean glass slide, CM from the surround (for labeling). Use another slide, inclined at 30-450 as a diffuseer. (Allowing the blood to spread within the width of the spreader before pushing forward to obtain a monolayer. ) When the thick film method is employed, 2 drops of blood is placed at the centre of a clean slide, and using the edge of another slide, spread the sample in n anti clockwise manner until a diameter of 1 centimetre is obtained. 1. B Staining techniques Staining is employed just now when thin or thick layer preparations are used.Stains include Wright stain, Leaching stain, Ageism and Field stains. It should be noted that Leaching stain is used for only thin films, while Ageism s tain is used for both thick and thin film preparations. 1. C Blood group determination Three antiserum- A, B and D are used to determine the likely blood grouping of a given blood sample. 3 drops of the blood sample is placed on a clean slide. A drop of entities A, B, and D are placed on drops 1, 2 and 3 respectively and the agglutination of any of the spots determine the blood grouping.

To What Extent was the USA a Free and Fair Society in the 1920s?

I dont agree that the ground forces was a shrive and fair society in the gold rush Twenties. Not everyone had the rights to get a good job and earn capital. Blacks and immigrants were just some of these minority groups that were disadvantage against. Although this was true, the , of Americans could purchase things they never could before, they could watch Nickelodeons, they could listen to the radio. In this essay I will explain who didnt benefit, who did and to what end the U. S. Was a free and fair society and explain who was caught in the middle of these groups. there were a list of groups who werent macrocosm treated with liberty and fairness in the 1920s. Many Americans were experiencing this freedom, many opposites were facing racism and prejudice. A huge majority of Americans were immigrants or descendants of immigrants. It was the more recent immigrants that got the abuse. There was a hierarchy of these unseasoned citizens in the big American cities. At the top, and competing for the best jobs and highest salaries, were the bigger and better established groups of Irish-Americans, German-Americans and French Canadians.These groups scorned the newer Eastern Europeans and Italian immigrants, who in turn held contempt for the Mexicans and blacks, who were at the bottom of this scale. The Russian mutation of 1917, sparked communistic ideas in Russia and Eastern Europe. The new Russian government had usurped the Tsar Nicholas and killed him and his family. With all the communist ideas floating roughly the countries below Russia, some were bound to come to America via the immigrants.And they did. The period when the U. S. overnment thought communist ideas were spread approximately America by anarchists and extremists was known as the Red Scare. Evidence was added to these fears and superstitions in 1919. 400,000 workers went on strike, and then the capital of Massachusetts Police Department striked and all hell broke loose in the city, as theives and looters had free triumph over the city. Most pot today believed the strikes were non to do with communists, further an economic difficulty. Because the government did not know any better, they thought communists would take over America.These fears werent untrue, as some immigrants did feel the need to stamp out(a) the government, and so leaflets were published in the city, calling for the abolishment of the current system. Bombs were planted against important figures, and one around killed the Attorney General, Mitchell Palmer. He asked a man named make clean to round up people with extremist beliefs. Hoover was a controversial man in history, and he built up 60,000 thousand files and deported 10,000 immigrants because of these extremist ideas. further 556 of these had hard evidence.Mr Palmer, however, found these purges of communists popular, and used their popularity to run for president. As a result of this, Jews, blacks and even Catholics were accused of being commu nists. In fact, Palmer accused most minority groups in America. Palmer, though, caused his own undoing. He predicted a Red rotary motion and when nothing happened he was ridiculed and lost his popularity. Black people had life very bad in the teens and 20s. The Ku Klux Klan had been bring around after a film, and they were originally formed in Americas Deep South, to keep the slave descendents in order.However, the caste had much support and managed to get some of its members into high positions of power, such as State Governors. The Klan, however, fell out of favour when its leader, Grand Wizard David Stevenson was accused of sexually motivated murder. The corruption of the Klan then became known to many, and that they were not to be trusted. Not everyone had it bad in the 20s. They were known as the Roaring Twenties because the equivalent of a revolution was taking place. America was quickly becoming known as the most technologically advanced uncouth in the world, and one with an ever increasing economy.It easily overtook Britain, France and Germany, as these countries had taken sever financial losings in the First World War. The 1920s were described as one never-ending party. wake up was no longer taboo, as it had been in the 1800s and early 20th century. Women were seen as less subservient, and there was sure enough a huge decrease in prejudice against them. They had decent jobs although whitewash earned less money for the resembling job. The motor car had been ingeniously redesigned and reproduced by Henry Ford, founder of the worlds largest motor company today.Radios and other luxuries were being mass-produced, and so music was becoming increasingly popular, especially Jazz. Wages were raised and so people could spend more money on what they wanted to spend it on. The film industry was being create and Hollywood had been discovered. It is still the place today where the majority of films are made. The cinema was the most popular hobby of the Ame rican population. Films were silent until 1927, scarce were still incredibly popular, and more cinema tickets were being sold in a week than in a year in Britain today.Films about the former taboo athletic field of sex were being watched by millions of people. Women had major roles in these films and one of the most successful film stars of the 20s was a woman, Gloria Swanson. Because sex was no longer frowned upon, it was increasing outside marriage. The majority of the American population was incredibly happy. There is an extent to which the freedom and fairness goes in the U. S.. Women for example had it two ways. They were certainly less controlled by men, but they still couldnt work the top jobs or earn as much money in the same job as men.They didnt have the same rights still, although they were greatly improved. Black Americans could work a wider range of jobs, but were still prejudiced against and earned little money. This is why I do not think that the USA was a completel y free and fair society in the 1920s, because not everyone had equal rights. Blacks are still treated awfully in the Deep South of America today, so the society is still not free or fair. Using this evidence, I dont think any society could be completely free and fair, as racism, prejudice and chauvinism has gone on for centuries.

Vpn with Ipsec

1. Abstract The goal of VPNs is to provide a cost-effective and secure demeanor to yoke business to one an new(prenominal) and far drubers to office engagements. Ne 2rk Security protocols encompasses the basis for natural rubber & reli commensurate entropy transfer. These certification devices should be fitting to provide accountability, access suss out, confidentiality, integrity, while all the prison term organism cost effective. This provides us with different certification protocols related to the transfer of info finished a ne twainrk.With a prevalent brass of nedeucerks the frontier for world info communication, it is absolutely critical to be able to countenance these protocols provide the most secure run possible. In this report technical review IPSec protocol involved with Network Security. Internet communications protocol Security (IPSec) It is a suite of protocol for securing IP communication theory by authentication and encoding of for each one IP softw be establishment of a communication session. IPSec also includes protocols for paying unwashed authentication amongst agents at the beginning of the session and negotiating coding traces which is to be procedure during the session.IPSec is an revoke to oddity security scheme operating in the Layer of Internet of the IP suite. It brush aside be utilize in defend data flows between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security portals, or between a security gateway and a host. 2. Introduction to VPN A VPN is a practical(prenominal) occult earnings, which is built on top of brisk physical network that give the sack provide a secure communication mechanism for data and former(a) study transmitted between networks. Beca affair VPN hatful be employ over existing networks, such as the Internet, it shadow facilitate the secure transfer of crank data across public networks.This is often less expensive than alternatives such as employ toffee-nosed telecommunic ations lines between organizations or branch offices. VPNs female genitalia also provide flexible solutions, such as securing communications between removed(p) telecommuters and the organizations servers, regardless of where the telecommuters argon located. A VPN can even be established within a single network to protect particularly sensitive communications from otherwise parties on the selfsame(prenominal) network. It is important to understand that VPNs do non remove all risk of infection from networking.While VPNs can greatly reduce risk, particularly for communications that occur over public networks, they cannot remove all risk for such communications. One problem is the strength of the implementation. For practice, flaws in an graveion algorithmic rule or the softw are implementing the algorithm could allow assailants to decrypt intercepted traffic stochastic number generators that do not produce sufficiently random determine could provide additional attack possib ilities. Another issue is encryption diagnose disclosure an attacker who discovers a mention could not however decrypt traffic but potentially also poses as a legitimate user.Another area of risk involves availability. A common model for information assurance is establish on the concepts of confidential, integrity, and availability. Although VPNs are designed to support confidentiality and integrity, they generally do not improve availability, the ability for accepted users to access systems as needed. In fact, many VPN implementations truly tend to decrease availability somewhat, because they add to a greater extent components and services to the existing network infrastructure. This is highly dependent upon the chosen VPN architecture model and the details of the implementation. 3. 1 VPN TechnologiesThe Internet is a divided public network of networks with open transmission protocols. Therefore, VPNs must include measures for packet encapsulation ( cut intoing), encryption, and authentication to warrant that sensitive data reaches its destination without modifying by unauthorized parties. digit IP software program 2. 2 burrows The thing that makes a Virtual Private Network virtually private is kn stimulate as tunnel. Even though you access your network via Internet, youre not really on the Internet, you are actually on your company network. Although the term tunnel feels like its describing a fixed path through the Internet, this is not the case.As with any Internet traffic, VPN tunnel packets may scram different paths between the two depots. 2. 3 Encryption Encryption is a technique for scrambling and unscrambling information. The information which is unscrambled is called clear-text, and the information which is scrambled is called cipher-text. At either end of your VPN tunnel sits a VPN gateway in hardware of software form. The gateway at sending post encrypts the information into cipher text before sending the encrypted information through the tunnel over the Internet. The VPN gateway at receiving location decrypts the information back into clear-text. . 4 let outs A see is the secret code that the encryption algorithm uses to give a unique strain of cipher-text. To put it in simpler terms, two people expertness go to the hardware store and buy the same lock off the shelf, but their combinations are different. In VPN encryption, the system may be the same (like the lock), but our let outs are different (like the combination). Of course, VPN locks have a sess more than three numbers on the dial combination. As a matter of fact, transmission security strength depends on the length of the keys which you use. Heres the formula 8-bit keys = 256 combinations or two to the eighth actor (28) 16-bit keys = 65,536 combinations or two to the 16th power (216) 56-bit keys = 72,057,594,037,927,900 or two to the 56th power (256) And so on In other words, if you utilize a 16-bit key, a fake attacker might have to make 65 ,536 attempts at cracking your combination. Obviously, this would be a quick and simple task for computers. Thats why a dowery of VPN products on the market today are apply 168-bit keys, creating 374,144, 419,156,711,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Possible combinations.There are some enterprises out on that point going even higher. Even the fastest computers today would need extended time to crack a code that is complex. You might be tempted to make a policy of always using the highest-bit encryption method available, but keep in mind that processing such complicated cipher-text lead require significant, dedicated CPU processing power. There are other ways to use keys to the outmost security to extend your needs. For example, it does, indeed, take time to crack the higher-bit keys. If you establish a policy of periodically changing your keys, the trespassers wont be able to keep up. . 4. 1 Symmetrical Keys Symmetrical keys means the same key is utilise at each end of the tunnel to encrypt and decrypt information. Because a symmetrical key is being shared by both parties, there must be an understanding between the two to take appropriate steps to keep the key secret, which is why symmetrical keys are often referred to as shared secrets. These keys come more difficult to distribute, since they must be kept confidential. A technique called key split up may be employed to reduce the potential of key disclosure during transit.This allows participants to use public carry such as the Internet. More comm yet, however, distribution of symmetrical keys is more of a manual operation using paper, removable media, or hardware docking. 2. 4. 2 Asymmetrical Keys Asymmetrical keys are slightly more complicated, but, logistically, practically easier to manage. Asymmetrical keys allow information to be encrypted with one key and decrypted with a different key. The two keys used in this scenario are referred to as private and public keys, or the ones you keep to yourself and the ones you distribute to your out-of-door users.Consider this example Lets call our business FQT and HIQT. FQT has a set of two keys, a public key and a private key. His public key has been programmed to encrypt data so that further if his own private key can decipher it. In order to communicate securely, FQT hands his public key to HIQT and tells him to encrypt anything he sends with that code. Using this asymmetrical keying method, both are assured that only FQT will be able to testify those transmissions because he retains the private decoder key. If the communication is to be bi-directional, HIQT would share his public key with FQT in the same manner. . 5 Key Management Configuring pre-shared secrets in smaller VPNs does not necessarily require software automation or large infrastructure investments. However, larger networks might benefit from deploying a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to create, distribute, and track digital certificates on indi vidual-user basis. You can use pre-shared keys or digital signatures if your equipment supports these authentication alternatives. However, if you root to use certificates, there are options. For example, you may use third-party Certificate Authority services.Or, you may build your own Certificate Authority using software from Entrust, Xcert, or Baltimore Technologies. Either option will help you establish a comprehensive PKI, which is especially useful in large organizations needed to extend secure, limited network access beyond their own internal users to business partners and customers. 2. 6 certificate The last bit of hold involved in VPN transmission is authentication. At this step, recipients of data can determine if the sender is really who he says he is (User/System certification) and if the data was redirected or corrupted enroute (Data Authentication). . 6. 1 User/System Authentication Consider, again, our two business named FQT and HIQT. When FQT receives a contented ness signed from HIQT, FQT picks a random number and encrypts it using a key which only HIQT should be able to decode. HIQT then decrypts the random number and re-encrypts it using a key only QT should be able to decode. When FQT gets his number back, he can be assured it is really IQT on the other end. 2. 6. 2 Data Authentication In order to verify that data packets have arrived unaltered, VPN systems often use a technique involving hash functions. A hash function creates a sort of fingerprint of the airplane pilot data. It calculates a unique number, called a hash, based on fixed or variable length values of unique bit strings. The sender attaches the number to the data packet before the encryption step. When the recipient receives the data and decrypts it, he can calculate his own hash independently. The output of his calculation is compared to the stored value appended by the sender. If the two hashes do not match, the recipient can be able to as plazae the data has been altere d. 3.VPN Protocols used for tunneling 3. 1 IPSec IPSec is a amount for secure encrypted communication that provides two security methods Authenticated drumheads (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload ( extrasensory perception). AH is used to authenticate packets, whereas clairvoyance encrypts the data portion of packets. It can work in two different modes capture mode and tunnel mode. IPSec is commonly combined with IKE as a means of using public key cryptography to encrypt data between local area networks or between a node and a LAN. IKE provides for the step in of public and private keys. 3. 2 PPPIn networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is commonly used in establishing a direct association between two networking nodes. It can provide have-to doe withion authentication, transmission encryption, and compression. 3. 3 L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the long protocol used to establish dial-up lodges on the Internet, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). L2TP uses IPSec rather than MPPE to encrypt data sent over PPP. 3. 4 PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is commonly used by away users who need to connect to a network using a dial-in union of modem.PPTP uses Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) to encrypt data that passes between the remote computer and the remote access server. 3 Technical Review of IPSec over VPN 4. 1 IPSec IPSec is the Internet standard protocol for tunneling, encryption, and authentication. It was designed to protect network traffic by speaking basic usage issues including- Access control Connection integrity Authentication of data origin Protection against replays Traffic flow confidentiality The IPSec protocol allows two operational modes.In Transport mode, everything croupe the packet and not including the IP header is protected. In Tunnel mode, everything behind and including the header is protected, requiring a new pseudo IP header. While the IPSec protocol was under develo pment, two other protocols L2TP and PPTP used as temporary solutions. L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) encloses non-Internet protocols such as IPX, SNA, and AppleTalk inside an IP envelope. However, L2TP has to rely on other protocols for encryption functions. PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) is a proprietary Microsoft encryption and authentication protocol.Although originally developed as a temporary solution, Microsoft continues to deploy L2TP as its tunneling protocol instead of IPSec tunneling. When comparing the three, IPSec is, the most widely used protocol, and the only one that solicites future VPN environments (such as new IP protocols). 4. 1. 2 IPSec Architecture The architecture of the IPSec implementation refers to the excerption of device and software to provide IPSec services and the placement of IPSec endpoints within the existing network infrastructure.These two considerations are often closely tied unitedly For example, a decision could be made to use the existing Internet firewall as the IPSec gateway. This section will explore three particular aspects of IPSec architecture- gateway placement, IPSec client software for hosts, and host process space management. fig Gateway-to-Gateway VPN for Remote Office Connectivity 4. 1. 3 IPSec Functions Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) has emerged as the most commonly used network layer security control for protecting communications. IPSec is a framework of open standards for ensuring private communications over IP networks.Depending on how IPSec is implemented and tack together, it can provide any combination of the following types of protection Confidentiality. IPSec can visit that data cannot be read by unknow parties. This is accomplished by encrypting data using a cryptographic algorithm and a secret key. A value known only to the two parties exchanging data. The data can only be decrypted by someone who has the secret key. Integrity. IPSec can determine if data has been changed ( intentionally or unintentionally) during transit. The integrity of data can be assured by enerating a message authentication code (MAC) value, which is a cryptographic checking sum of the data. If the data is altered and the MAC is recalculated, the old and new MACs will be different. ally Authentication. Each IPSec endpoint confirms the identity of the other IPSec endpoint with which it wishes to communicate, ensuring that the network traffic and data is being sent from the expected host. instant replay Protection. The same data is not delivered multiple times, and data is not delivered grossly out of order. However, IPSec does not ensure that data is delivered in the exact order in which it is sent.Traffic Analysis and Protection. A person monitoring network traffic does not know which parties are communicating, how often communications are occurring, or how much data is being exchanged. However, the number of packets being exchanged can be counted. Access Control. IPSec endpoin ts can perform filtering to ensure that only authorized IPSec users can access particular network resources. IPSec endpoints can also allow or block certain types of network traffic, such as allowing Web server access but denying buck sharing. 4. 1. 4 IPSec FundamentalsIPSec is a collection of protocols that assist in protecting communications over IP networks. IPSec protocols work together in various combinations to provide protection for communications. The three primary components of the IPSec protocol that provides the protections for the communication are ESP, AH and IKE. Encapsulating security Payload (ESP) ESP is the second core IPSec security protocol. In the initial version of IPSec, ESP provided only encryption for packet payload data. It can perform authentication to provide integrity protection, although not for the outermost IP header.Also, ESP. s encryption can be disabled through the Null ESP Encryption Algorithm. Therefore, in all but the oldest IPSec implementation s, ESP can be used to provide only encryption encryption and integrity protection or only integrity protection Authentication Header (AH) AH, one of the IPSec security protocols provides integrity protection for packet headers and data, as hale as user authentication. It can optionally provide replay protection and access protection. AH cannot encrypt any portion of packets.In the initial version of IPSec, the ESP protocol could provide only encryption, not authentication, so AH and ESP were often used together to provide both confidentiality and integrity protection for communications. Because authentication capabilities were added to ESP in the second version of IPSec AH has become less significant in fact, some IPSec software no longer supports AH. However, AH is still valuable because AH can authenticate portions of packets that ESP cannot. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) The bearing of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol is to negociate, create, and manage security associat ions.Security association is a generic term for a set of values that prepare the IPSec features and protections applied to a connection. It can also be manually created, using values agreed upon in advance by both parties, but these security associations cannot be updated this method does not scale for a real-life large-scale VPNs. In IPSec, IKE is used to provide a secure mechanism for establishing IPSec-protected connections. 4. 1. 5 IPSec Protocol fundamental principle Transport mode is used to provide secure communications between hosts over any vagabond of IP addresses.Tunnel mode is used to create secure links between two private networks. Tunnel mode is the obvious choice for VPNs however, there are some concerns about using tunnel mode in a client-to-site VPN because the IPSec protocol by itself does not provide for user authentication. However, when combined with an authentication system like Kerberos, IPSec can authenticate users. 4. 1. 6 Cryptography Used in IPSec Sess ions Cryptography policy involves choosing encryption and integrity protection algorithms and key lengths. Most IPSec implementations offer the HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-SHA-1 hashing algorithms.Neither of these algorithms is computationally intensive. Although both plain MD5 and plain SHA-1 have known weaknesses, both are still considered sufficiently secure in their HMAC versions. In some implementations of IPSec, the cryptography policy settings are not immediately apparent to admin. The default settings for encryption and integrity protection, as well as the details of each setting, are often located down several levels of carte du jours or are split among multiple locations. It is also challenging with some implementations to alter the settings once they have been located. . 1. 7 Authentication Used for Identifying IPSec IPSec implementations typically support two authentication methods pre-shared keys and digital signatures. To use pre-shared keys, the IPSec admin creates a key or pa ssword string, which is then configured in each IPSec device. Pre-shared keys are the simplest authentication method to implement, but key management is challenging. Because of scalability and security concerns, pre-shared key authentication is generally an acceptable solution only for small-scale implementations with known IP addresses or small IP address plucks.In the digital signature method, a certificate identifies each device, and each device is configured to use certificates. Two IPSec endpoints will trust each other if a Certification Authority (CA) that they both trust has signed their certificates. Many organizations are currently implementing public key infrastructures (PKI) for managing certificates for IPSec VPNs and other applications such as secure e-mail and Web access. 5. Conclusion VPNs allow users or corporations to connect to remote servers, branch offices, or to other companies over internetwork of public, while maintaining secure communications.In all of these cases, the secure connection appears to the user as a private network communicationdespite the fact that this communication occurs over internetwork of public. VPN technology is designed to address issues surrounding the current business trend toward increased telecommuting and widely distributed global operations, where workers must be able to connect to central resources and communicate with each other. This paper provides an overview of VPN, VPN over IPSec and describes the basic requirements of useful VPN technologies user authentication, address management, data encryption, key management, nd multiprotocol support. 6. Reference 1. S. Farnkel, K. Kent, R. Lewkowski. (December 2005). Guide to IPSec VPN. forthcoming http//csrc. nist. gov/publications/nistpubs/800-77/sp800-77. pdf. Last accessed January 20 2011. 2. Tom Olzak. (Jan22, 2007). SSTP Microsoft VPN. Available http//www. techrepublic. com/blog/security/sstp-microsofts-vpn/149. Last accessed 25 January 2011. 3. give way VPN. (2011). Open VPN cryptographic layer. Available http//openvpn. net/index. php/open-source/documentation/security-overview. html. Last accessed 28 January 2011. 4. Erik Rodrigues-Types of VPN online. Resources as well as Images) Available from http//www. skullbox. net/vpn. phpAccessed on Feb 12 2011 5. Internet Protocol Security online. Available from http//www. interpeak. com/files/ipsec. pdfAccessed on Feb 4 2011 6. SSL VPN VS. IPSec VPN online. Available from http//www. arraynetworks. net/ufiles/File/SSLVPNvsIPSecWhitePaper021006. pdfAccessed on January 29 2011 7. Available from http//www. windowsecurity. com/articles/VPN-Options. htmlAccessed on Feb 14 2011 8. Download the kB Bow IPSec VPN client online. Available from www. thegreenbow. com/vpn/vpn_down. html Accessed on Feb 2012 . YouTube video of using the Green Bow software Available from http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=m6fu6saaNhQ Accessed on Jan 29 2008 7. Appendix The step by step frame-up of The Green Bow IPSec VP N client is described below. Running the setup file. Language screen appears and andiron OK. Fig Choose language screen. Welcome screen appears and click next. Fig Setup Welcome screen. License and information regarding licenses then click I Agree. Fig License and information screen. Install location screen appears and click next. Fig Installation location screen. Choosing start menu folder screen appears and click Install.Fig start menu folder screen. Installing screen appears. Fig Installing setup screen. Windows Security screen appears and click install. Fig Windows Security screen. Setup Complete screen appears and click finish Fig Completing Setup screen. How to use This Software System Tray Icon VPN material body Three step Configuration Wizard ill-use 1 of 3 Choice of remote equipment You must specify the type of the equipment at the end of the tunnel VPN gateway. Step 2 of 3 VPN tunnel parameters You must specify the following information the public (network side) address of the remote gateway he preshared key you will use for this tunnel (this preshared key must be the same as key in the Gateway) the IP address of your company LAN (e. g. specify 192. 168. 1. 0) Step 3 of 3 Summary The third step summaries your new VPN configuration. Other parameters may be further configured directly via the Configuration Panel (e. g. Certificates, virtual IP address, etc). VPN Tunnel Configuration How to create a VPN Tunnel? To create a VPN tunnel from the Configuration Panel (without using the Configuration Wizard), you must follow the following steps 1. Right-click on Configuration in the list window and select New word form 1 2.Configure Authentication human body (Phase 1) 3. Right-click on the new Phase 1 in the tree control and select Add Phase 2 4. Configure IPSec Phase (Phase 2) 5. Once the parameters are set, click on Save Apply to take into account the new configuration. That way the IKE service will run with the new parameters 6. Click on Open Tunnel for establishing the IPSec VPN tunnel (only in IPSec Configuration window) VPN Configuration Please refer to Phase 1 and Phase 2 for settings descriptions. Authentication or Phase 1 What is Phase 1? Authentication or Phase 1 window will concern settings for Authentication Phase or Phase 1.It is also called IKE Negotiation Phase. Phase 1s purpose is to negotiate IKE policy sets, authenticate the peers, and set up a secure channel between the peers. As part of Phase 1, each end system must identify and authenticate itself to the other. Interface Network interface IP address of the computer, through which VPN connection is established. Remote Gateway IP address or DNS address of the remote gateway (in our example gateway. domain. com). This plain stitch is necessary. Pre-shared key Password or shared key with the remote gateway. IKE Encryption algorithm used during Authentication phase (DES, 3DES, AES, AES128, AES192, AES256).Authentication algorithm used during Authentication phase ( MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256). Key group is key length. Phase1 Advanced Settings description Config-Mode If it is checked, the VPN Client will activate Config-Mode for this tunnel. Config- Mode allows VPN Client to fetch some VPN Configuration information from the VPN gateway. If Config-Mode is enabled, and provided that the remote Gateway supports, the following Parameters will be negotiated between the VPN Client and the remote Gateway during the IKE exchanges (Phase 1) Virtual IP address of the VPN Client DNS server address (optional)WINS server address (optional) Aggressive Mode If checked, the VPN Client will used aggressive mode as negotiation mode with the remote gateway. IPSec Configuration or Phase 2 What is Phase 2? IPSec Configuration or Phase 2 window will concern settings for Phase 2. The purpose of Phase 2 is to negotiate the IPSec security parameters that are applied to the traffic going through tunnels negotiate during Phase 1. Phase 2 Settings Description VPN Client address Virtual IP address used by the VPN Client inside the remote LAN The computer will appear in the LAN with this IP address.It is important this IP address should not belong to the remote LAN (e. g. , in the example, you should exclude an IP address like 192. 168. 1. 10). Address type The remote endpoint may be a LAN or a single computer, In case the remote endpoint is a LAN, convey Subnet address or IP Range. When choosing Subnet address, the two fields Remote LAN address and Subnet mask become available. When choosing IP Range, the two fields Start address and End address become available, enabling TheGreenBow IPSec VPN Client to establish a tunnel only within a range of a predefined IP addresses.The range of IP addresses can be one IP address. Incase the remote end point is a single computer, choose Single Address. When choosing Single address, only Remote host address is available. Remote address This field is Remote LAN address depending of the address type. It is the remote IP address or LAN network address of the gateway that opens the VPN tunnel. Phase2 Advanced Settings hired hand configuration Scripts or applications can be enabled for each step of a VPN tunnel opening and remainder process Before tunnel is opened Right after the tunnel is opened Before tunnel closes Right after tunnel is closedRemote Sharing Global Parameters Lifetime (sec. ) Default sprightliness for IKE rekeying. Minimal lifetime for IKE rekeying. Maximal lifetime for IKE rekeying. Default lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Maximal lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Minimal lifetime for IPSec rekeying. Dead Peer Detection (DPD) Check interval (sec. ) Interval between DPD messages. Max number of retries Number of DPD messages sent. Delay between retries (sec. ) Interval between DPD messages when no reply from remote gateway. Miscellaneous Retransmissions How many times a message should be retransmitted before giving up. USB Mode Step 1 Step2 Step3 Step4

A Practical Guide to Successful Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Practical Guide to Successful Teaching - Essay ExampleTo do this, facilitating the learning operation becomes vital. This is because it is the type of the teacher to interact and professionally relate with the students in a manner that enhances their educational welfare. In so doing, the article of belief-learning roles of a teacher are met. To complement this process, teacher responsibilities are factored in. This is done by ensuring that the teacher eternally monitors changes in the teaching and learning environment so that any vital changes are adopted in a timely manner. Most importantly, ethics and professional conduct crown the teachers responsibilities.The fall away of the teachers role and responsibilities inform the completeness of the teaching cycle. Of course, the cycle is characterized by critical boundaries that have to be observed at all times. While the teaching-learning environment requires student-teacher interaction and professional relations be maintained, t he process is subject to boundaries that outline the extent to which such interactions and relations can go. Striking a balance amongst the issues, concerns, interests, goals, and objectives of teaching and learning maintains a professional perspective of the role, responsibilities and boundaries of a teacher in terms of the teaching cycle (Ingleby, Dawn, & Powell, 2011, p.92).The educational setting is broad in scope and practice. As a result, the applicable enactment and codes of practice vary across differentiated fields of specialization. The education fraternity is made up of many subjects, all of which contribute significantly to the success of the education sector. The education organizational setting is regulated and/or governed by numerous current statute law, among them Equality Act 2010, Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, Data shelter Act 1998,Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001, and Health and Safety at bet Act 1974 (LSC, 2007). Moreover, in specifi c fields like social sciences, there are applicable legislation that regulates, monitor, and govern the training and execution of examinations.

Internal Control inside the Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Internal Control inside the Company - Assignment ExampleOakdale conducts these minutes via a figurer link to a registered brokerage. Purchase and sales authorizations, along with brokers advice, are maintained in an electronic file with authorized access by Oakdales treasurer. An electronic inventory list is unploughed perpetually. The transactions are keyed in by accounting personnel who receive a corrupt/sell transaction sheet from the treasurer. Deposits of checks for interest and dividends earned on investments are also recorded by the accounting department. Each month, the accounting manager and the treasurer prepare journal entries required to adjust the short-term investment account. The Solomon Auditor discovered that there was insufficient backup documentation attached to the journal entries reexaminationed to pursue all transactions.1- Authorization of transactions is required to adequately safeguard assets against fraud and illegal transactions and stick out a level of internal control. A formal system of transaction authorizations allows the commitment of company resources in accordance with management goals and objectives. Transactions must be executed according to the terms of their general or specific authorizations, by responsible personnel acting within the scope of their prescribed authority and responsibility.2- work out and accurate record keeping is necessary to assure that prompt, timely, and accurate recording of transactions or scotch events occurs. Companies must make and keep books, records, and accounts that, in reasonable detail, accurately reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets. Furthermore, the recording of transactions is necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP.4- Internal verification refers to the independent review of the accuracy and propriety of another partys work, and the testing of therecorded accountability for assets as compared to breathing assets at reasonab le time intervals.